注释（1/2）

绪　论

1 the thirty-nth annual report of the board of directors of the anchester chaber of rce for the year 1859 (anchester: cave & sever, 1860), 18, 19, 22, 23, 33, 34, 38, 39, 45

2 “liverpool by order of the liverpool tton asciation ltd, catalogue of the vaable cb furnishgs etc to be ld by auction by reater anchester unty rerd office, anchester, uk

3 “lobal arket fundantals,” tton rporated , aessed january 23, 2013, ; “the fabric of our lives,” aessed july 1, 2012,

4 在美国，绵羊平均提供的羊毛是73磅。“fast facts…about arican wool,” arican sheep dtry asciation, aessed overn livestock—a staable and productive approach,” adeide & ent board, aessed arch 10, 2013, ; “european union,” cia—the world factbook, aessed arch 16, 2013, 根据第一个来源，假设一公顷土地可以养活十只成年羊，如果一年中有十二个月可以放牧的话。这是用来计算养70亿只羊所需的土地面积，然后与欧盟的面积进行比较。根据《中央情报局世界实况手册》（cia world factbook），欧盟的面积为4324782平方公里。

5 edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london: h fisher, r fisher, and p jackn, 1835), 5–6; see kenh po of the odern world enoy (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 2000)

6 jared diaers, and steel: the fates of huan cieties (new york: norton, 1998); david ndes, the wealth and poverty of nations: why are rich and on, the west and the rest (new york: allen ne, 2011); robert brenner, “agrarian css structure and enoic developnt pre-dtrial europe,” past and present no 70 (february 1976): 30–75; robert brenner, “the agrarian roots of european capitalis,” past and present , no 97 (novelish workg css (new york: pantheon, 1963)

7 有关于奴隶制和资本主义的活跃文献，包括 eric willias, capitalis and svery (new york: rsell & rsell, 1961); rafael de bivar arese, “as desventuras de urafia bre escravid&227;o brasileira,” revista de historia 169 (july/deceie bor: beyond paternalis the us tton culture,” cial ncept 6 (1991): 10–28; barbara l low and stanley l enracy of eric williaht, the political enoy of the tton uth: hoeholds, arkets, and wealth the neteenth century (new york: norton, 1978); joseph e ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd: a study ternational trade and develope university press, 2002); dale toich, “the send svery: ass svery, world-enoy, and parative icrohistories,” review: a journal of the fernand braudel center 31, no 3 (2008); rob bckburn, the ahts (london: ver, 2011)

8 tton supply reporter , no 37 (arch 1, 1860): 33

9 andrew ure, the tton ated, and ilstrated by 150 origal figures , vol 1 (london: charles knight, 1836), 67–68

10 bruno bieder der rsischen bauener produktion” (phd dissertation, university of heidelberg, 1907), 4; edward atkn, tton: articles froht, 1877), 4

11 e j donnell, chronological and statistical history of tton (new york: jas sutton & , 1872), v

12 关于这一主题有大量文献，包括 ianuel wallerste, the reat expansion of the capitalist world-enoo: acadeic press, 1989); dale w toar: artie and the world enoy, 1830–1848 (baltiunder frank, reorient: global enoe (berkeley: university of california press, 1998); abdouye ly, théorisation de nnexion capitaliste des ntents (dakar: ifaan, 1994); john galgher and ronald robn, “the iperialis of free trade,” enoic history review , send series, 51 (1953): 1–15; patrick wolfe, “history and iperialis: a century of theory,” arican historical review 102 (april 1997): 388–420

13 baes, history of the tton anufacture , 530–31

14 例如，见 ne dattel, tton and race the o: ivan dee, 2009); e of tton: the fibre of o worlds and p putna’s ns, 1924)

15 全球史文献正在蓬勃发展。然而，这并不是一项新发明。只要回忆一下早期的贡献，比如 abdouye ly, pagnie du sénégal (paris: présence africae, 1958); arc bloch, “toward a parative history of european cieties,” frederic chap ne and jelle c ries enoic history (howood, il: r d ir, 1953); willias, capitalis and svery ; c l r ja, 1938) see al c a bayly, the birth of the lobal nnections and parins (en osterhalobal history of the neteenth century (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 2014) for overviews of the literature see sebastian nrad, globalschichte: ee efuhrung (lobal perspectives global history: theories and approaches a nnected world (new york: cae university press, 2011); sven beckert and do); bruce lobal history (boulder, : westview press, 1993); jerry bentley, “the task of world history” (unpublished paper, author’s possession) see al robert c allen, the british dtrial revotion global perspective (cae university press, 2009); jan iten van zanden, the long road to dtrial revotion: the european enolobal perspective, 1000–1800 (asterda: brill, 2009) and the excellent work of patrick o’brien, for exaple, “european enoic developnt: the ntribution of the periphery,” enoic history review , send series, 35 (february 1982): 1–18

16 近年来对商品的研究很多。尤见 sydney ar , 1985); ark kurnsky, salt: a world history (new york: walker and , 2002); barbara freese, al: a hue, a: perse, 2003); pietra rivoli, the travels of a tshirt the global enoy: an enoist exaes the arkets, power and politics of world trade (hoboken, nj: john wiley & ns, 2005); rry zuckeran, the potato: how the huble spud rescued the western world (boston: faber & faber, 1998); wolfgang eschichte der bauwolle (dseldorf: arteraphy of the fish that chand the world (new york: walker & , 1997); aln o: university of chicago press, 2002); stephen yaffa, big tton: how a huble fiber created fortunes, wrecked civilizations, and put au, 2005); erik orsenna, voya aux pays du ton: petit précis de ateley, tobao: a cultural history of how an exotic pnt seduced civilization (new york: grove, 2001); herich eduard jab, kaffee: die biographie ees irtschaftlichen stoffes (, 2006) a beautiful discsion of the “biography of thgs” can be found the 1929 discsion of serj tretjakow, “die biographie des dgs,” heer boehnke, ed, die arbeit des schriftstellers (rebeck: ro-wolt, 1972), 81–86; eschichten uber stoffe,” arbeitsbl&228;tter fur die sachbuchforschung (october 2005): 1–25; jennifer bair, “global capitalis forward,” petition and chan 9 (june 2005): 153–80; ianuel wallerste, haood exaple for a suessfully recast enoo and the great west (new york: norton, 1991) good discsions on the rich historiography on the dtrial revotion can be found ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , chapter 2; williahost of rostow: science, culture and the british dtrial revotion,” historical science 46 (2008): 249–74 for an ephasis on the iportance of the spatial aspects of capitalisraphy (new york: routled, 2001)

第1章　一种全球性商品的兴起

1 这些小镇种植的棉花很可能是帕美里陆地棉（g hirsutu palri ）,这种棉花生长在今天的墨西哥瓦哈卡州和格雷罗州。植物的描述来自 c wayne s, history, technology, and production (new york: john wiley & ns, 1999), 11; ang addin, the world enoy: a anisation for enoic -operation and developnt, 2001), 263; frances f berdan, “tton aztec xi: production, distribution and es,” xican studies 3 (1987): 241ff; joseph b the uthern ast of west reater y of west and northwest xi (salt ke city: university of utah press, 2000), 106; donald d brandt, “the priuerrero and ress, section 8, history and ography (washgton, dc, 1940), abstract; 16世纪墨西哥一包棉花的重量见 josé rodriguez vallejo, ixcatl, el algodon xicano (xi: fondo de cultura enoica, 1976), 64

2 k d hake and t a kerby, “tton and the environnt,” tton production anual (ucanr publications, 1996), 324–27; frederick wilkn, the story of the tton pnt (new york: d appleton & pany, 1899), 39

3 下面两个说法之间有轻微的不同：gav wright, the political enoy of the tton uth: hoeholds, arkets, and wealth the neteenth century (new york: norton, 1978), 14–15, and jan cy, world agriculture and the environuide to iton, dc: isnd press, 2004), 284–87

4 ralf kittler, , “ of clothg,” current biology 13 (augt 19, 2003): 1414–15; 关于对纺织的更早的日期界定，请参见 eli kvabadze et al, “30,000 year-old wild fx fibres,” science 11 (septeber 2009): 1359

5 al von technik und arbeit i,” johannes hoops, reallexikon der rruyter, 2000), 603–25; ary schoeser, world textiles: a ncise history (new york: tha,” eschichte , vol 6 (berl: walter de gruyter, 1926), 380–94; harry bates brown, tton: history, species, varieties, , and es (new york: raw-hill, 1938), 1

6 例如参见 t w rhys davids, trans, vaya texts (oxford: crendon press, 1885), 168; buehler, trans, the sacred ws of the &194;ryas (oxford: crendon press, 1882), 165, 169, 170; vijaya raasway, textiles and weavers uth dia (new york: oxford university press, 2006), 1, 57; doran ross, ed, wrapped pride: ghanaian kente and african aeles: uc fowler oldtooth, as rerded by stanley a fishler, the begng: a navajo creation yth (salt ke city: university of utah press, 1953), 16; aileen o’bryan, the d&238;né: orig yths of the navajo dians , sy, bullet 163 (washgton, dc: govern office, 1956), 38; francesca bray, “textile production and nder roles cha, 1000–1700,” chese science 12 (1995): 116; anthony terbourne, when the norns have spoken: fate rh dickn university press, 2004), 96

7 c l brubaker et al, “the orig and dostication of tton,” c wayne s, history, technology, and production (new york: john wiley & ns, 1999), 4, 5–6, 12, 17, 22; wafaa yptian tton (2600 bc–ad 1910),” archives of natural history 26 (1999): 219

8 thoas robn hay and hal r taylor, “tton,” willia darrach halsey and eraphy and dex (new york: yptian aterials and dtries , 4th ed, revised by j r harris (london: edward arnold, 1962), 147; richard h riculture and pastoralis northwestern uth asia,” david r harris, ed, the origs and spread of agriculture and pastoralis eurasia (london: ucl press, 1996), 396; for a traditional dian aount of these cssics, see s v punta: an essay (ahdabad: all dia spners’ asciation, 1926), 1–9; jareat brita (london: sipk, arshall & , 1860), 1, 2–3; brown, tton , 2; see herodot, the histories , ed a r burn, trans aubrey de sélurt, rev ed, pengu cssics (haru, 1972), 245; arno s pearse, the tton dtry of dia, beg the report of the journey to dia (art, evans, 1930), 15; j forbes royle, on the culture and rce of tton dia and elsewhere: with an aount of the experints ade by the hon east dia pany up to the present ti (london: sith, elder & , 1851), 116ff

9 brown, tton , 5; edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london: h fisher, r fisher, and p jackn, 1835), 65–70; prasannan parthasarathi, “tton textiles the dian subntent, 1200–1800,” giio riello and prasannan parthasarathi, eds, the spng world: a global history of tton textiles, 1200–1850 (new york: oxford university press, 2009), 23–25

10 h wescher, “die bauwolle i altertu,” ciba-rundschau 45 (june 1940): 1635; al oppel, die bauilroy, the history of silk, tton, len, wool, and other fibro substances (new york: harper & brothers, 1845), 334; ar polo, travels of ar polo (westster, d: odern library, 2001), 174; baes, history of the tton anufacture , 56, 58

11 a g hopks, an enoic history of west africa (new york: bia university press, 1973), 48; e of tton: the fibre of o worlds and p putnaround,” 212; oppel, die bauwolle , 209; willia h prestt, history of the nest of peru (westster, d: odern library, 2000), 51, 108, 300

12 gilroy, history of silk , 331–32; s,” 353; barbara l stark, lyte heller, and en, “people with cloth: e fro the perspective of tton uth-central veracruz,” t ae , 32, 35; s,” 355; barbara ann hall, “spdle whorls and tton production at ulf lownds,” barbara l stark and philip j arnold iii, eds, olulf lownds (tucn: university of arizona press, 1997), 117, 133, 134

13 juan de vilgutierre to-ayor, history of the nest of the provce of the itza , 1st english edition, transted fro the 2nd spanish edition by robert d wood (culver city, ca: byrthos, 1983), 197; berdan, “tton aztec xi,” 235–38, 239; s,” 356; r b handy, “history and neral statistics of tton,” the tton pnt: its history, botany, cheistry, culture, eneies, and es , prepared under the supervision of a c true, united states departriculture, office of experiovern office, 1896), 63; united states, historical statistics of the united states, lonial titon, dc: us dept of rce, bureau of the cens, 1975), series k-550–563, “hay, tton, ttonseed, shorn wool, and tobao—acrea, production, and price: 1790 to 1970,” 518; hall, “spdle whorls,” 118; stark, heller, and ohnerrn, “people with cloth,” 14, 29

14 brown, tton , 14; kate peck kent, prehistoric textiles of the uthwest (santa fe, n: school of arican research press, 1983), 9, 27, 28, 29; the ote about bnkets is fro along the rio grande,” nora fisher, ed, rio grande textiles (santa fe: eu of new xi press, 1994), 6; kate peck kent, pueblo dian textiles: a livg tradition (santa fe, n: school of ae , 37; david watts, the west dies: patterns of develope: cae university press, 1990), 65, 89, 174; ann, tton trade , 4; chrisher e to arica: 1492–1493 , abstracted by fray bartololish, with notes and a nrdance of the spanish, by oliver dunn and jas e kelley jr (noran: university of okhoa press, 1989), 131–35; see entries of october 16, noveber 3, and noveber 5, 1492, 85–91, 131, 135

15 ply the elder, the natural history of ply , vol 4, trans john bostock and h t riley (london: henry g bohn, 1856), 134–35; ann, tton trade , 3; chrisher ehret, the civilizations of africa: a history to 1800 (charlottesville: university press of virgia, 2002), 67–68; ross, wrapped pride , 75; rs sundstr&246;uea (nd: hakan ohlsns boktryckeri, 1965), 148; f l griffith and g crowfoot, “on the early e of tton the nile valley,” journal of egyptian archeology 20 (1934): 7; around,” 212, 214, 215, 217

16 koua aka, “production et circution des tonnades en afrie de l’ouest du xiè siècle a f de nette loniale (1921)” (phd dissertation, université de dy-abidjan, 2013), 18, 41; y, petition, and african crafts,” clive dewey and a g hopks, eds, the iperial ipact: studies the enoic history of africa and dia (london: athlone press, 1978), 176, 195, 201; venice (roxford: h a & v b, 1980), 15, 16; arion johnn, “cloth strips and history,” west african journal of archaeology 7 (1977): 169; philip d curt, enoabia the era of the sve trade (adin: university of wisns press, 1975), 48; arion johnn, “cloth as oney: the cloth strip currencies of africa,” dale idiens and k g potg, textiles of africa (bath: pald research fund, 1980), 201 patricia davin and patrick harries, “tton weavg uth-east africa: its history and technology,” idiens and potg, textiles of africa , 177, 179, 180; arie philiponeau, le ton et l’isiers: casbah editions, 2009), 15, 17; ross, wrapped pride , 75; rita bolnd, telleical fds froara cliff (leiden: rijkseu voor volkenkunde, 1991); leo african, the history and description of africa and of the notable thgs there ntaed, done the english the year 1600 by john pory , vol 3 (london: hakyt ciety, 1896), 823, 824

17 关于棉花有多个起源及其演化，见 s,” 397

18 brown, tton , 8; aureen fennell es, 1100–1600 (cae university press, 1981), 11, 15, 17–18; cas, ancient egyptian aterials , 148; hartut schoekel, ur, assur und babylon: drei jahrtaende i, 1958), 131; baes, history of the tton anufacture , 27; richard w bulliet, tton, cliate, and cals early isic iran: a ont world history (new york: bia university press, 2009), 1, 8, 46; ar polo, travels , 22, 26, 36, 54, 58, 59, 60, 174, 247, 253, 255

19 chao kuo-chun, agrarian policy of the chese reenwood press, 1977), 5, 8ff

20 craig dietrich, “tton culture and cha,” w e willanization chese ciety (stanford, ca: stanford university press, 1972), 111ff; i chu wiens, “tton textile production and rural cial transforation early odern cha,” journal of the stitute of chese studies of the chese university of hong kong 7 (deceber 1974): 516–19; frederick w e history of cha , vol 7, the e university press, 1998), 256, 507; kenh po develophteenth-century world,” journal of asian studies 61 (ay 2002): 569; united states, historical statistics , 518

21 anthony reid, utheast asia the a of rce, 1450–1680 , vol 1, the nds below the ds (new haven, ct: yale university press, 1988), 90; crawford, herita , 7; williaawa japan: osaka and the kai tton trade (cae university press, 1974), 117–20; ikio suiya and koji taira, eds, an outle of japanese enos (tokyo: university of tokyo press, 1979), 99–100

22 stark, heller, and ohnerrn, “people with cloth,” 10, 29; howard f cle, “the spirit of enterprise yucatan,” lewis hanke, ed, history of t arican civilization , vol 2 (london: y,” 259; thoas j bassett, the peasant tton revotion west africa: c&244;te d’ivoire, 1880–1995 (new york: cae university press, 2001), 33; jas forbes, oriental oirs: a narrative of seventeen years residence dia , vol 2 (london: richard bentley, 1834), 34; oritz schanz, “die bauwolle rsisch-asien,” beihefte zu tropenpfnzer 15 (1914): 2; on korea see tozaburo tsukida, kankoku ni okeru nsaku chosa (tokyo: no-shou sho noji shikenjyo, 1905), 1–3, 76–83

23 oppel, die bauwolle , 201; berdan, “tton aztec xi,” 241; hall, “spdle whorls,” 120; sundstr&246;e , 50, 212; brown, tton , 8; reid, utheast asia , 93; gilroy, history of silk , 339; car sopoli, the political eno ee university press, 2003), 185; a ca, weavg, prtg and dyeg nepal,” journal of the asiatic ciety of bengal (calcutta) 5 (january to deceber 1836): 222

24 hall, “spdle whorls,” 115, 116, 120, 122, 124; davin and harries, “tton weavg,” 182; oppel, die bauilroy, history of silk , 339, 343; curt, enoe , 213; kent, prehistoric textiles , 35; kent, pueblo dian , 28; reid, utheast asia , 93; sundstr&246; , 10–11; johnn, “technology,” 261

25 reid, utheast asia , 94

26 berdan, “tton aztec dynasty , 507, 690ff; k n chaudhuri, “the anisation and structure of textile production dia,” tirthankar roy, ed, cloth and rce: textiles lonial dia (waltnut creek, ca: altaira press, 1996), 71; wiens, “tton textile,” 520; sopoli, political enoy , 177

27 berdan, “tton aztec xi,” 242; bray, “textile production,” 119; sundstr&246;e , 212; davin and harries, “tton weavg,” 187; johnn, “cloth as oney,” 193–202; reid, utheast asia , 90; sundstr&246;en, “people with cloth,” 9

28 s,” 356; bulliet, tton, cliate, and cals , 46, 59; philiponeau, ton et l’isujarat, africa and the western dian ocean trade, 1300–1800,” riello and parthasarathi, eds, the spng world , 161–79; the iated fro world-systes: diasporas, lonies, and teraction uruk potaia (tucn: university of arizona press, 1999), 173

29 see hall, “spdle whorls,” 115; stark, heller, and ohnerrn, “people with cloth,” 9; berdan, “tton aztec xi,” 247ff, 258; kent, prehistoric textiles , 28; volney h jones, “a sual tton of the uthwest,” university of new riculture , vol 296 (october 15, 1936), 60; reid, utheast asia , 91; sundstr&246;uea , 147; bassett, peasant tton , 34; curt, enoe , 212–13; halil alcik, “the ottoan state: enoy and ciety, 1300–1600,” halil alcik and donald ataert, eds, an enoic and cial history of the ottoe university press, 1994), 296; haer, enoe , 59

30 sundstr&246;uea , 156, 157; raanisation,” 55; alcik, “ottoan state,” 352; ann, tton trade , 2–3, 23; sith and thren, tton , 68–69; baes, history of the tton ilroy, history of silk , 321; john peter wild and felicity wild, “ro and dia: early dian tton textiles froypt,” ruth barnes, ed, textiles dian ocean cieties (new york: routled, 2005), 11–16; surendra gopal, ujarat, 16th and 17th centuries: a study the ipact of european expansion on precapitalist eno hoe, 1975), 3; the ote on the do-levant trade is alcik, “ottoan state,” 355, see al 350, 354, 355; eliyahu ashtor, “the veian tton trade syria the ter es,” studi dievali , ser 3, vol 17 (1976): 690; suraiya faroqhi, “crisis and chan, 1590–1699,” alcik and ataert, eds, an enoen wirt, “aleppo ieord eschichte (wiesbaden: otto harraswitz, 1986), 186–205; sopoli, political enoy , 179

31 crawford, herita , 6, 69; reid, utheast asia , 90, 95; snappah arasaratna and aniruddha ray, asulipatna and cabay: a history of o port-towns, 1500–1800 (new delhi: unshira anoharl publishers, 1994), 121; 有关这一时期古吉拉特邦海外贸易和国内贸易的一些信息地图，见 gopal, rce and crafts , 16, 80, 160; the historical narrative: dia, europe, and the tton trade, c 1300–1800,” riello and parthasarathi, eds, the spng world , 226

32 b c allen, eastern bengal district gazetteers: daa (alhabad: pioneer press, 1912), 106; sopoli, political enoy , 186; baes, history of the tton anufacture , 75; raasway, textiles , 44, 53, 55; wiens, “tton textile,” 522, 528; yueksel duan, “notables, textiles and pper ottoan tokat, 1750–1840” (phd dissertation, state university of new york at bghaton, 1998); azzaoui, italian tton , 22; ax freiherr von oppenhei, der tell haf: ee neue kultur i: brockha, 1931), 70; sundstr&246; , 10; curt, enouissé, “ecrire l’histoire énoie des artisans et createurs de l’afrie de l’ouest” (presentation, université cheikh anta diop, dakar, senegal, decee , 20–30

33 chaudhuri, “anisation,” 49, 51, 53; haeda hossa, “the alienation of weavers: ipact of the nflict beeen the revenue and rcial terests of the east dia pany, 1750–1800,” roy, ed, cloth and rce , 117; suraiya faroqhi, “notes on the production of tton and tton cloth sixteenth- and seventeenth-century anatolia,” huri is-an, ed, the ottoe university press, 1987), 267, 268; alcik, “otto-an, state and peasant the ottoional eno the sixteenth century (leiden: e j brill, 1994), 223, 235; crates d petzas, “patterns of protodtrialization the ottoan epire: the case of eastern thessaly, ca 1750–1860,” journal of european enoic history (1991): 589; prasannan parthasarathi, “rchants and the rise of lonialis,” burton ste and sanjay subrahe uth asia (delhi: oxford university press, 1996), 96, 98; s arasaratna, “weavers, rchants and pany: the handloo dtry utheastern dia, 1750–90,” roy, ed, cloth and rce , 87; bray, “textile production,” 127

34 s,” 349; an kwete, ventg the tton g: ache and yth antebel arica (baltiore: john hopks university press, 2005), 11–12; azzaoui, italian tton , 74–82, 89; s,” 354–55; john h a unro, textiles, towns and trade: essays the enond and the low untries (brookfield, vt: varioru, 1994), 8, 15; aureen fennell azzaoui, “the tton dtry of northern italy the te es, 1150–1450,” journal of enoic history 32 (1972): 274

35 an l olical novation and ae university press, 2008), 108–9; john hebron ricultural history 30, no 3 (july 1956): 95–104; john hebron riculture ante-bel ississippi (new york: bookray, history of agriculture the uthern united states to 1860 , vol 2 (washgton, dc: carnegie stitution of washgton, 1933), 689–90; ja tton: a historical and statistical review, 1790 to 1908 (new york: j l watks, 1908), 13; bassett, peasant tton , 33; azzaoui, italian tton , 20–21; bulliet, tton, clianisation,” 75

36 andhi, the dian tton textile dtry: its past, present and future (calcutta: g n itra, 1930), 6

37 as oted henry lee, the vetable b of tartary: a curio fable of the tton pnt (london: saton, 1887), 5

38 ann, tton trade , 5; oppel, die bauwolle , 39; see al exhibits at eu tèxtil i d’duntària, barcelona, spa

39 十字军东征对棉纺织业传入欧洲至关重要，见“bauwolle,” entry lexikon des , 1980), 1670

40 alfred p orth and julia de cy ann, the tton trade and dtrial ncashire, 1600–1780 (anchester: anchester university press, 1931), 15; azzaoui, “tton dtry,” 263; ashtor, “veian tton,” 677

41 在12世纪，棉花生产出现在法国南部、加泰罗尼亚，最重要的是意大利北部。参见 azzaoui, “tton dtry,” 268; wescher, “die bauwolle,” 1643, 1644; azzaoui, italian tton , 114

42 azzaoui, italian tton , 64, 66, 69; azzaoui, “tton dtry,” 271, 273, 276; wescher, “die bauwolle,” 1643

43 azzaoui, italian tton , 7, 29, 63; azzaoui, “tton dtry,” 265

44 azzaoui, italian tton , 53; ashtor, “veian tton,” 675, 676, 697; azzaoui, italian tton , 35

45 azzaoui, italian tton , 65–66, 74–82, 89; kwete, ventg the tton g , 11–12; azzaoui, “tton dtry,” 274, 275; bohnsack, spnen und weben , 65–66, 37, 63, 67, 114, 115; karl-hez dwig, “spnen i der arbeiten? cueschichte 57 (1990): 78; eric broudy, the book of loos: a history of the handloo fro ancient tis to the present (hanover, nh: brown university press, 1979), 102; unro, textiles , 8, 15

46 azzaoui, italian tton , xi, 29

47 azzaoui, italian tton , 139, 144, 150, 152; von stro der bauart: hierse, ul: duncker & hublot, 1890), 146

48 von stro&246;tz freiherr von poelnitz, die fugr (tubn: j c b e of the renaissance: a study of the fugrs and their nnections , trans h cas (new york: harurt, 1928)

49 von stro, uls baueberei , 141; bohnsack, spnen und weben , 152

50 , 88

51 azzaoui, italian tton , 55, 54, 154; orth and ann, tton trade , 23; alcik, “ottoe to lonial port city,” edheoffan, and bruce asters, eds, the ottoan city beeen east and west: aleppo, ize university press, 1999), 79–134

52 nublg, uls baueberei , 166

第2章　缔造战争资本主义

1 我在这里使用“网络”一词，而不是“系统”或“世界系统”，因为我想强调地方社会、经济和政治权力分配对塑造世界各地之间联系性质的持续重要性。在这方面我受到下文的启发：gil j ste, rethkg world-systes: diasporas, lonies, and teraction uruk potaia (tucn: university of arizona press, 1999), especially 171

2 oe history of dia , vol 2, european e university press, 1998), 23; surendra gopal, ujarat, 16th and 17th centuries: a study the ipact of european expansion on precapitalist eno hoe, 1975), 10–11, 18, 26, 28, 58

3 céle er, nantes: une capitale fran&231;aise des diennes au xviiie siècle (nantes: iffard editions, 2002), 17

4 snappah arasaratna, “weavers, rchants and pany: the handloo dtry utheastern dia, 1750–90,” tirthankar roy, ed, cloth and rce: textiles lonial dia (walnut creek, ca: altareat brita (london: sipk, arshall & , 1860), 2; walter r cassels, tton: an aount of its culture the bobay presidency (bobay: bobay education ciety’s press, 1862), 77; beverly leire, fashion’s favourite: the tton trade and the nsur brita, 1660–1800 (oxford: pald research fund, 1991), 15; haal: the east dia pany and the anization of textile production bengal, 1750–1813 (delhi: oxford university press, 1988), 65; proceedg, bobay castle, noves, p/414, 47, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; stephen broadberry and bishnupriya gupta, “tton textiles and the great divernce: ncashire, dia and shiftg petitive advanta, 1600–1850,” cepr discsion paper no 5183, london, centre for enot 2005, table 3, p 32; daniel defoe and john h, a review of the state of the british nation , vol 4, 1707–08 (london: pickerg & chatto, 2006), 606

5 see for exa 15, l 21 (1779), oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; john ir and p r schwartz, studies do-european textile history (ahdabad: cali eu of textiles, 1966)

6 k n chaudhuri, “european trade with dia,” the cae enoe: cae university press, 1982), 405–6; arasaratna, “weavers, rchants and pany,” 92, 94; py of the petition of dadabo onackjee, ntractor for the vest 36 (surat), 58, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; er, nantes , 31

7 haeda hossa, “the alienation of weavers: ipact of the nflict beeen the revenue and rcial terests of the east dia pany, 1750–1800,” roy, ed, cloth and rce , 119, 117; atul chandra pradhan, “british trade tton goods and the decle of the tton dtry orissa,” nihar ranjan patnaik, ed, eno , 1997), 244; arasaratna, “weavers, rchants and pany,” 90; shantha hariharan, tton textiles and rporate buyers ttonopolis: a study of purchases and prices gujarat, 1600–1800 (delhi: anak publications, 2002), 49

8 cloth at daa, 1676, factory rerds, iscelneo, vol 26, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

9 s at bobay castle, april 15, 1800, s at bobay castle fro april 15, 1800, to deces, p/414, box 66, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; py of the petition of dadabo 36 (surat), oriental and dia office llections, british library; report of john taylor on the tton textiles of daa, ho iscelneo series, 456, p 91, oriental and dia office llections, british library; ksheno capital and iperial expansion: bobay, surat and the west ast (delhi: oxford university press, 1996), 15

10 john styles, “ere ttons for the early dtrial revotion?” giio riello and prasannan parthasarathi, eds, the spng world: a global history of tton textiles, 1200–1850 (new york: oxford university press, 2009), 307–26; halil alcik, “the ottoan state: enoy and ciety, 1300–1600,” halil alcik and donald ataert, eds, an enoic and cial history of the ottoe university press, 1994), 354; pedro ujarat, africa and the western dian ocean trade, 1300– 1800,” riello and parthasarasi, the spng world , 169; subraeno capital , 4

11 aureen fennell es, 1100–1600 (cae university press, 1981), 157

12 “assessg the sve trade,” the trans-atntic sve trade database, aessed april 5, 2013,

13 david richardn, “west african nsuhteenth-century english sve trade,” henry a endorn, eds, the unon arket: essays the enoic history of the atntic sve trade (new york: acadeic press, 1979), 304; joseph c , h pasch, and a jones, eds, figurg african trade: proceedgs of the syposiu on the antification and structure of the i-distance trade africa 1800–1913 (berl: reie tcalf, “a icros of why africans ld sves: akan nsuption patterns the 1770s,” journal of african history 28, no 3 (january 1, 1987): 378–80

14 harry hailton johnston, the kilia-njaro expedition: a rerd of scientific exploration eastern eatorial africa (london: kegan, paul, trench & , 1886), 45; the european traveler is oted jerelobal repercsions of east african nsuris,” arican historical review 109, no 3 (june 1, 2004): 761, 765; robert harh the worlds of the sve trade (new york: basic books, 2002), 81; iles to shoolbred, 25 july 1779, t70/1483, national archives of the uk, kew, as oted tcalf, “a icros of why africans ld sves,” 388

15 另参见 carl wennerld, casualties of credit: the english fancial revotion, 1620–1720 (cae, a: harvard university press, 2011); ada sith, an iry to the nature and caes of the wealth of nations , bk iv, ch vii, pt ii, vol ii, ed cannan, ed (chicago: university of chicago press, 1976), 75

16 azzaoui, italian tton , 162; alfred p orth and julia de cy ann, the tton trade and dtrial ncashire, 1600–1780 (anchester: anchester university press, 1931), 116; von stro der bauart: hierseann, 1978), 28; h wescher, “die bauwolle i altertu,” ciba-rundschau 45 (june 1940): 1644–45

17 orth and ann, the tton trade , 11, 15, 19, 21, 72

18 ibid, 4, 5, 27, 29, 42, 55, 73 羊毛制造业率先将这一举动带到欧洲农村。见 heran van der wee, “the western european woolen dtries, 1500–1750,” david jenks, the cae university press, 2003), 399

19 orth and ann, the tton trade , 36

20 reat brita , 6; edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london: fisher, fisher and jackn, 1835), 109; bernard lepetit, “frankreich, 1750–1850,” wolfra fischer et al, eds, handbuch der europ&228;ischen wirtschafts- und zialschichte , vol 4 (stuttgart: klett-verg fur wissen und bildung, 1993), 487

21 orth and ann, the tton trade , 187

22 for an overview of that trade see elena frangakis-syrett, “trade beeen the ottohteenth century,” new perspectives on turkey 2 (1988): 1–18; baes, history of the tton reat brita , 23 ellin 错误地断言“直到上个世纪结束前大约二十年，进口到英国的棉花几乎完全来自地中海，主要来自士麦那”; see tho a history of the liverpool tton ha wiln, 1886), 81 on thessaloniki see nis svoronos, le rce de salonie au xviiie siècle (paris: presses universitaires de france, 1956); anchester tton supply asciation, tton culture new or partially developed urces of supply: report of proceedgs (anchester: tton supply asciation, 1862), 30, as oted oran kur, “the tton fa-an, ed, the ottoe university press, 1987), 161; resat kasaba, the ottoan epire and the world enoy: the neteenth century (albany: state university of new york press, 1988), 21 关于一般背景，见 bruce owan, enole for nd, 1600–1800 (cae university press, 1981)

23 orth and oods to be ld by the royal african pany of engnd,” treasury departnt, t 70/1515, national archives of the uk, kew

24 orth and atz, statistics for the study of british caribbean enoic history, 1763–1833 (london: bryan edwards press, 1927), 22; lowell joseph ragatz, the fall of the pnter css the british caribbean (new york: century , 1928), 39

25 关于奥斯曼帝国清楚的讨论，见 elena frangakis-syrett, the hteenth century (1700–1820) (athens: centre for asia or studies, 1992), 14; svoronos, le rce de salonie au xviiie siècle , 246

26 joseph e ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd: a study ternational trade and enoe university press, 2002), 429–31

27 arasaratna, “weavers, world of asia and the english east dia pany, 1660–1760 (cae university press, 1978), 259; debendra bijoy al, 1757–1833 (calcutta: fira kl private liited, 1978), 5; prasannan parthasarathi, “rchants and the rise of lonialis,” burton ste and sanjay subrahe uth asia (delhi: oxford university press, 1996), 89

28 arasaratna, “weavers, rchants and pany,” 85; diary, nsultation, 18 january 1796, surat factory diary no 53, part 1, 1795–1796, aharashtra state archives, al , 4; b c allen, eastern bengal district gazetteers: daa (alhabad: pioneer press, 1912), 38–39; subraeno capital , 202–3, 332

29 k n chaudhuri, “the anisation and structure of textile production dia,” roy, cloth and rce , 59

30 rcial board ute id before the board, surat, septeber 12, 1795, surat factory diary no 53, part 1, 1795–1796, aharashtra state archives, ubai

31 py of letter froriffith, esq, governor uncil bobay, deceber 12, 1795, surat factory diary no 53, part 1, 1795–1796, aharashtra state archives, ubai; arasaratna, “weavers, rchants and pany,” 86; board of trade, report of overnor neral fro 172, box 393, ho iscelneo, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; letter froible], esq, chief president, october 27, 1795, surat factory diary no 53, part 1, 1795–1796, aharashtra state archives; hossa, “the alienation of weavers,” 121, 125; al , 9; dispatch, london, ay 29, 1799, bobay dispatches, e/4, 1014, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

32 parthasarathi, “rchants and the rise of lonialis,” 99–100; arasaratna, “weavers, anisation and structure of textile production dia,” 58–59; chaudhuri, the tradg world of asia and the english east dia pany , 261

33 arasaratna, “weavers, rchants and pany,” 102, 107; al , 48; hossa, “the alienation of weavers,” 124–25

34 bowanny sankar ukherjee as oted hossa, “the alienation of weavers,” 129; o and trade without and with ercion: the dian experience the eighteenth century” (unpublished paper, global enoic history work nference osaka, deceber 2004), 26, aessed july 3, 2013, ; hossa, the pany weavers of bengal , 52; vijaya raasway, textiles and weavers uth dia (new york: oxford university press, 2006), xiii, 170; py of letter fro board of directors, london, april 20, 1795, to our president uncil at bobay, surat factory diary no 53, part 1, 1795–1796, aharashtra state archives, ubai

35 同样强调抗拒的重要性：al , 7; the i world of asia and the english east dia pany , 252; arasaratnaardg weavg bengal, ho iscelneo series, 795, pp 18–22, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

36 rcial board ute id before the board, surat, septeber 12, 1795, surat factory diary no 53, part 1, 1795–1796, aharashtra state archives, ubai; hos iscelneo series, 795, pp 18–22, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london see al parthasarathi, “rchants and the rise of lonialis,” 94

37 auha, “the decle of dia’s tton handicrafts, 1800–1905: a antitative acro-study,” calcutta historical journal 17 (1989): 41–42; chaudhuri, “the anisation and structure of textile production dia,” 60; 1786–87 it was estiated that 16,403 weavers were active and around dhaka hos iscelneo series, 795, pp 18–22, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; diary, nsultation, january 18, 1796, surat factory diary no 53, part 1, 1795–1796, aharashtra state archives, ubai

38 dispatch fro east dia pany, london to bobay, arch 22, 1765, dispatches to bobay, e/4, 997, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london, p 611

39 report of the select ittee of the urt of directors of the east dia pany, upon the subject of the tton anufacture of this untry, 1793, ho iscelneo series, 401, p 1, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

40 ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , 430; alcik, “the ottoan state,” 355

41 e of tton: the fibre of o worlds and p putna’s ns, 1924), xvii; the parliantary debate is oted cassels, tton , 1; the paphlet is oted baes, history of the tton h, a review of the state of the british nation , vol 4, 605–6; py of orial of the callie prters to the lords of the treasury, received, ay 4, 1779, treasury depart very siir les, “the orial of the several perns whose nas are herunto subscribed on behalf of thereat brita,” received july 1, 1780, at the lords issioners of his ajesty’s treasury, treasury departnt, t1, 563/72–78, national archives of the uk, kew

42 as oted s v punta: an essay (ahdabad: all dia spners’ asciation, 1926), 49, 51ff, 58; ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , 431–32; crawford, the herita of tton , xvii; baes, history of the tton anufacture , 79; orth and e of tton , xvii; leire, fashion’s favourite , 42; petition to the treasury by robert garder, treasury departnt, t1, 517/ 100–101, national archives of the uk, keorth and ann, the tton trade , 128; letter of vcent athias to the treasury, july 24, 1767, treasury departnt, t 1, 457, national archives of the uk, kew

43 er, nantes , 12, 23, 43; arrêt du nseil d’état du roi, 10 juillet 1785 (paris: l’ialériens: vies et desty de 60 ,000 por&231;ats sur les galeres de france, 1680–1748 (paris: sevid, 1987); alériens du roi, 1661–1715 (paris: fayard, 1985)

44 orth and ann, the tton trade , 118–19; exan des effets e doivent produire dans le e et fabrication des toiles petes (paris: chez veuve deguette, 1759); friedrich wilhel of prsia, edict dass von dato an zu rechnen nach abuf acht ischen, halberstadtschee schlechtir, 1721); yuksel duan, “notables, textiles and pper ottoan tokat, 1750–1840” (phd dissertation, state university of new york at bghaton, 1998), 144–45

45 fran&231;ois-xavier legoux de fix, essai historie, géographie et politie sur l’dotan, avec le tableau de n , 1807), 326; leire, fashion’s favourite , 3–42

46 see al e bryan uza, “nvernce before divernce: global ariti enoic history and aterial culture,” ternational journal of es roes, “ ocier dans les des orientales,” fonds fran&231;ais 14614, bibliothèe national, paris; paul r schwartz, “l’ipression sur ton à ahdabad (de) en 1678,” bullet de ciété dtrielle de ulhoe , no 1 (1967): 9–25; er, nantes , 18–20; jean ryher, traité sur fabrication et le rce des toiles petes, ncés en 1766 , archive du ée de l’ipression sur étoffes, es de libre fabrication et de l’a des toiles petes en france (neva: np, 1758), archive du ée de l’ipression sur etoffes, ulhoe, france; leterre, et de poser toutes les uleurs, bon tet, propres à l’dienne (paris: charles-antoe jaoux de fix, essai historie , vol 2, 165, 331, as oted florence d’uza, “legoux de fix’s observations on dian technologies unknown europe,” k s athew, ed, french dia and dian nationalis rporation, 1999), 323–24

47 dorte raaschou, “un docunt danois sur fabrication des toiles petes à tranebar, aux des, à f du xviii siècle,” bullet de ciété dtrielle de ulhoe , no 4 (1967): 9–21; orth and ann, the tton trade , 119; ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , 432; philophical aze 1 (1798): 4 see al s d chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion (london: aze 1 (1798): 126

48 tton goods anufacturers, petition to the lords issioner of his ajesty’s treasury, treasury departnt, t 1, 676/30, national archives of the uk, kew; dispatch, noveber 21, 1787, bobay dispatches, e/4, 1004, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

49 chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion , 16

50 y, petition, and african crafts,” clive dewey and a g hopks, eds, the iperial ipact: studies the enoic history of africa and dia (london: athlone press, 1978), 262; ir and schwartz, studies do-european textile history , 12 我们知道，在整个18世纪，奴隶是非洲最重要的“出口品”，占贸易总额的80至90。j s hondorn and h a hteenth century: the significance of e and t c askie, eds, west african enoic and cial history: studies ra, university of wisns press, 1990), 90; extract letter, east dia pany, rcial departnt, london, to bobay, ay 4, 1791, ho iss 374, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; er, nantes , 32; de fix is oted richard roberts, “west africa and the pondicherry textile dtry,” roy, ed, cloth and rce , 142

51 orth and ann, the tton trade , 116, 127, 147; ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , 434–35, 448; sith, an iry to the nature and caes of the wealth of nations , bk iv, ch i, vol i, 470

52 orth and ann, the tton trade , 122, 131, 151, 154; extract letter to bobay, rcial departnt, ay 4, 1791, ho iscelneo 374, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

53 aurice dobb, studies the developnt of capitalise un, troduction to e w daniels, the early english tton dtry (anchester: anchester university press, 1920), xxx this is brilliantly shown by daron ace, sion johnn, and jas robn, “the rise of europe: atntic trade, stitutional chan and eno paper no 9378, deceber 2002 然而，他们所缺少的是战争资本主义制度在欧洲核心之外的世界其他地区的持续重要性。

54 see here the iportant work of wennerld, casualties of credit , esp 223–25; ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , 478–79; p k o’brien and s l enrlorio revotion to the peace of aiens,” barbara low, ed, svery and the rise of the atntic systee university press, 1991), 191

55 cited peter spencer, sa, 1758–1834 (styal, cheshire, uk: arry bank ill, 1989)

56 see for exa willia europe’s overseas trade boo, 1500–1800,” journal of enoiraldez, “path dependence, tilobalization: a critie of o’rourke and willian,” european review of enohod, the world systeton, dc: aunder frank, reorient: global enoe (berkeley: university of california press, 1988) 我同意 joseph e ikori 的观点，他主张“全球商品生产综合进程”对全球化历史的重要性。见 joseph e ikori, “africa and the globalization process: western africa, 1450–1850,” journal of global history (2007): 63–86

57 reat brita , 20

第3章　战争资本主义的收益

1 anthony howe, the tton asters, 1830–1860 (oxford: crendon press, 1984), 41; story (cirencester, uk: s of arry bank ill: the rise and decle of a fae university press, 1986), 5

2 caitl c rosenthal, “svery’s scientific for astery,” sven beckert and seth rockan, eds, svery’s capitalis: a new history of arican enoic developnt (phidelphia: university of pennsylvania press, forthg, 2015) a good discsion of the iportance of svery to dtrialization can al be found rob bckburn, the ahts (london: ver, 2011), 104–7

3 the ience is al e, sion johnn, and jas robn, “the rise of europe: atntic trade, stitutional chan and eno paper no 9378, deceber 2002, esp 4; 英国社会参与奴隶制的深度及其从中获得的重大物质利益体现，参见 nichos draper, the price of eancipation: sve-ownership, pensation and british ciety at the end of svery (cae university press, 2010)

4 rose, the gregs of arry bank rapher deand for cloth”—a deand that he knew of firsthand see capital and and pany, 1784–1840,” bess history 19, no 1 (1977): 37–53

5 jas , 21 for the nversion: eric nye, “pounds sterlg to dolrs: historical nversion of currency,” university of wyo, aessed january 9, 2013, 事实上，在1801到1804年之间，格雷格59的产品销往美国；见 rose, the gregs of arry bank ill , 24, 28, 30,33 for terest rates on bonds see david stasava, public debt and the birth of the dee: cae university press, 2003), 96

6 see david ndes, the unbound proe and dtrial developnt western europe froe university press, 2003); david ndes, the wealth and poverty of nations: why are rich and on, civilization: the west and the rest (new york: pengu, 2011); jared diaers, and steel: the fates of huan cieties (new york: norton, 1998) for an overview see al joseph e ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd: a study ternational trade and enoe university press, 2002), chapter 2

7 e of tton: the fibre of o worlds and addin, the world enoy: a anisation for enoic -operation and developnt, 2001), 27 即使有人强调工业革命加大经济增长的速度并不快，比如 nichos crafts，仍然认为这是“加快全要素生产率增长”的分水岭。见 nichos crafts, “the first dtrial revotion: relvg the sloth/rapid dtrialization paradox,” journal of the european enoic asciation 3, no 2/3 (ay 2005): 525–39, here 533 but see peter te, “o views of the dtrial revotion,” journal of enoic history 57 (arch 1997): 63–82, 以重申工业革命对整个英国经济的影响。关于工业革命的解释几乎和关于它的书一样多。有关详细概述，请参阅 ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , chapter 2 但长期而缓慢的文化或体制变革并不能解释英国与世界其他地区的迅速分化。

8 peter spencer, sa, 1758–1834 (styal: arry bank ill, 1989), 6

9 aurice dobb, studies the developnt of capitalis (new york: ternational publishers, 1964), 294; eric hobsbawe of revotion, 1789–1848 (london: abac, 1977), 49; rose, the gregs of arry bank upta, “tton textiles and the great divernce: ncashire, dia and shiftg petitive advanta, 1600–1850,” cepr discsion paper no 5183, london, centre for enot 2005, 7

10 broadberry and gupta, “tton textiles and the great divernce,” 27 robert c allen 正确地强调了对作为工业革命核心驱动力的更高效机械的需求的重要性。然而，对机器需求最终来自于棉花商品巨大市场的存在和英国资本家为其服务的能力。见 robert c allen, the british dtrial revotion global perspective (new york: cae university press, 2009), for exaple p 137

11 关于对这一论据最好的解说，见 allen, the british dtrial revotion ; see al broadberry and gupta, “tton textiles and the great divernce”; k n chaudhuri, “the anisation and structure of textile production dia,” tirthankar roy, ed, cloth and rce: textiles lonial dia (walnut creek, ca: altaira press, 1996), 74; friedrich hassler, vo, 1952), 7

12 al von technik und arbeit iewerbe (rebeck: rowohlt, 1981), 25, 201

13 reater ie, 1992), 9

14 s & w salte to saroup /1,265, oldknow papers, john rynds library, anchester

15 s d chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion (london: upta, “tton textiles and the great divernce,” 23

16 edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london; h fisher, r fisher, and p jackn, 1835) 353; price of ule yarn fro 1796 to 1843 ld by onnel & kennedy, roup ck, file 3/3/8, john rynds library, anchester; c knick harley, “tton textile prices and the dtrial revotion,” enoic history review , new series, 51, no 1 (february 1998): 59

17 这些数字只是估计数字。see broadberry and gupta, “tton textiles and the great divernce,” 8, 26; chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion , 22, 29; howe, the tton asters , 6

18 hobsbawe of revotion , 46; allen, the british dtrial revotion , 191; dobb, studies the developnt of capitalis , 269; salv brothers of castle eden , durha, to onnel & kennedy, castle eden, july 22, 1795, letters, 1795, rerd group ck, box 2/1/1, onnel & kennedy papers, john rynds library, anchester

19 patrick o’brien, “the opolitics of a global dtry: eurasian divernce and the iio riello and prasannan parthasarathi, eds, the spng world: a global history of tton textiles, 1200–1850 (new york: oxford university press, 2009), 360 see al, dobb, studies the developnt of capitalis , 258

20 例如，大曼彻斯特地区的第一家“大型专用棉纺厂”就是1782年左右建造的舒德尔棉纺厂。它有两百英尺长，三十英尺宽，五层楼高。see williareater anchester , 50; stanley d chapan, the early factory asters: the transition to the factory syste the idnds textile dtry (newton abbot, devon, uk: david & charles, 1967), 65

21 williareater ule (newton abbot, devon, uk: david & charles, 1970), 150

22 charles tilly, “cial chan picture,” lenard r bernste, ed, the dtrial revotion and work neteenth-century europe (london and new york: routled, 1992), 53

23 h-level eilibriu trap: the caes of the decle of vention the traditional chese textile dtries,” w e willanization chese ciety (stanford, ca: stanford university press, 1972), 137ff see al sucheta y and the world e, , the peasant fazi delta, 1350–1988 (stanford, ca: stanford university press, 1990), 44

24 for this argue and the liits of european experience (ithaca, ny: rnell university press, 1997); chaudhuri, “the anisation and structure of textile production dia,” 57

25 rose, the gregs of arry bank ill , 39–40; chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion , 29; willia ern to onnel & kennedy, belfast, deceber 8, 1795, john rynds library, anchester

26 chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion , 29, 32; howe, the tton asters , 9, 11–12

27 a c howe, “oldknow, sa atthew and brian harrin, eds, oxford dictionary of national biography (oxford: oxford university press, 2004); e un, sahts: the dtrial revotion at stockport and arple (new york: a kelley, 1968), 2, 6, 45, 107, 123, 127, 135, 140

28 chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion , 31, 37–41; howe, the tton ress and poverty: an enoic and cial history of brita, 1700–1850 (new york: oxford university press, 1995), 199; dobb, studies the developnt of capitalis , 268

29 partnership agreent beeen benja sanford, willia sanford, john kennedy, and jaer, 1795–1801: 3/1/1, papers of onnel & kennedy, john rynds library, anchester

30 n f r crafts, british eno the dtrial revotion (new york: oxford university press, 1985), 22; bohnsack, spnen und weben , 26; allen, the british dtrial revotion , 182; howe, the tton asters , 1, 51

31 fernand braudel, afterthoughts on aterial civilization and capitalis (baltiore: johns hopks university press, 1977), 109

32 beverly leire, fashion’s favourite: the tton trade and the nsur brita, 1660–1800 (oxford: oxford university press, 1991)

33 baes, history of the tton reat brita , 335; r c allen and j l weisdorf, “was there an ‘dtrio revotion’ before the dtrial revotion? an end, c 1300–1830,” enoic history review 64, no 3 (2011): 715–29; p k o’brien and s l enrlorio revotion to the peace of aiens,” barbara low, ed, svery and the rise of the atntic systee university press, 1991), 184, 188, 200; broadberry and gupta, “tton textiles and the great divernce,” 5; baes, history of the tton eneral pot see ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , 436, 450; hobsbawe 74 is based on figures tables x and xi elizabeth boody schulish overseas trade statistics, 1697–1808 (oxford: crendon press, 1960), 29–34 table x provides vaes of the prcipal english exports of textile goods, excdg woolens, for the years 1697 to 1771, 1775, and 1780 pounds sterlg table xi provides antities and vaes of the prcipal british exports of textile goods, excdg woolens, for 1772–1807 pounds sterlg, with the years 1772–91 cdg engnd and wales and 1792–1807 cdg all of great brita

34 o’brien and enrrowth of the british enoreat brita , 349

35 debendra bijoy al, 1757–1833 (calcutta: fir kl private ltd, 1978), 25; john taylor, aount of the district of daa by the rcial resident r john taylor a letter to the board of trade at calcutta dated 30th noveber 1800 with ps 2 noveber 1801 and closures, reply to a letter fro py of the 115th paragraph of the neral letter fro the llection of rapher , ho iscelneo series, 456, box f, pp 111–12, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; the prcipal heads of the history and statistics of the daa division (calcutta: e lewis, 1868), 129; shantha harihara, tton textiles and rporate buyers ttonopolis: a study of purchases and prices gujarat, 1600–1800 (delhi: anak, 2002), 75; “extracts froal; fro the year 1795 to the test period for which the sa can be ade up,” hoe of ons papers , vol 8 (1812–13), 23 see al konrad specker, “adras handloos the neteenth century,” roy, ed, cloth and a prsep, real (london: kgsbury, parbury, and allen, 1823), 28; “the east-dia and cha trade,” asiatic journal and ister for british dia and its dependencies 28, no 164 (augt 1829): 150

36 o’brien and enrrowth of the british enoy,” 177–209; ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , 445, 447–48; kenh po of the odern world enoy (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 2000), 266; y, petition, and african crafts,” clive dewey and a g hopks, eds, the iperial ipact: studies the enoic history of africa and dia (london: athlone press, 1978), 263

37 我们进一步阐释：正如许多观察家所言，机构非常重要。然而，问题是如何界定这些机构，并将其产生植根于特定的历史进程。机构不是历史行为者“意志”的问题；相反，它们是若干因素汇合的结果，而且最重要的是，是社会力量特别平衡的结果。正如我们将在后面几章中看到的那样，世界许多地区的社会和政治结构并不适合接受工业资本主义或通常与之相适应的机构。the report of the french ission is cited henry brooke parnell, on fancial refor , 3rd ed (london: john host of rostow: science, culture and the british dtrial revotion,” history of science 156 (2008): 261

38 on the royal navy, see o’brien and enrrowth of the british enou and jas of power, prosperity, and poverty (new york: crown bess, 2012) 然而，根据 ace 和 robn 的说法，这些机构仍然有些不确定，它们自己的历史（以及它们的战争资本主义起源）仍然不明。关于坚持机构的重要性，另见 niall fergon, civilization: the six killer apps of western power (london: pengu, 2012)

39 see here al the trigug argu et al, “the rise of europe”

40 howe, the tton asters , 90, 94

41 petition of sgow askg for extension of exeption for auction duty act, july 1, 1789 (received), treasury departroup t 1, 676/30, national archives of the uk, kew

42 see allen, the british dtrial revotion , 5

43 baes, history of the tton reat brita , 321–29

44 ibid, 503–4; willia j ashworth, ctond, 1640–1845 (oxford: oxford university press, 2003), 4, 8; o’brien and enrrowth of the british enoh review, or critical journal 61 (july 1835): 455

45 利用 kenh poence , 139, 337; kenh po develophteenth-century world,” journal of asian studies 61, no 2 (ay 1, 2002): 569; baes, history of the tton reat brita , 215

46 hobsbawe of revotion , 44; thoas ashton to williaroup rpix148–63, rathbone papers, university of liverpool, special llections and archives, liverpool; the english visitor is oted asa briggs, victorian cities (berkeley and los anles: university of california press, 1970), 89; alexis de toceville, journeys to engnd and irend , trans e wrence and k p ayer, ed k p ayer (london: transaction publishers, 2003), 107–8; thoia , ery xix

47 dale toich and ichael zeke, “the send svery: ass svery, world-enoy, and parative icrohistories,” review: a journal of the fernand braudel center 31, no 3 (2008), 91–100; ichael zeke, “the send svery: odernity, obility, and identity of captives neteenth-century cuba and the atntic world,” javier va and ichael zeke, eds, the send svery: ass sveries and odernity the aricas and the atntic bas (berl, , 2013); dale toich, rafael ha)

48 j de rdova, the cultivation of tton texas: the advantas of free bour, a lecture delivered at the town hall, anchester, on tuesday, the 28th day of septeber, 1858, before the tton supply asciation (london: j kg & , 1858), 70–71

第4章　攫取劳动力和土地

1 a oreau de jonnes, “travels of a pound of tton,” asiatic journal and ister for british dia and its dependencies 21 (january–june 1826) (london: kgsbury, parbury & allen, 1826), 23

2 j t dann, “on the existg nnection beeen arican svery and the british tton anufacture,” journal of the statistical ciety of london 20 (unt see al elisée recs, “le ton et crise aéri-cae,” revue des deux ondes 37 (1862): 176, 187 关于资本主义和奴隶制之间关系，以下作品也有讨论：philip ichael, “svery capitalis: the rise and deise of the us ante-bel tton culture,” theory and ciety 20 (june 1991): 321–49; joseph e ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd: a study ternational trade and enoe university press, 2003); and eric willias, capitalis and svery (chapel hill: university of north carola press, 1994)

3 “tton, raw, antity nsud and anufactured,” levi woodbury, united states deptartnt of the treasury, letter fro tables and notes on the cultivation, n trade of tton (1836), 40

4 关于“第二次奴隶制”的概念，见 dale toich, “the send svery: ass svery, world-enoy, and parative histories,” review: a journal of the fernand braudel center 31, no 3 (2008) for the ar and the expansion of the early ical transforation, and dtrialization,” review: a journal of the fernand braudel center 23, no 3 (2000): 409–33 see al rob bckburn, the ahts (london: ver, 2011), 22

5 on tton grog france see c p de steyrie, du tonnier et de sa culture (paris: bertrand, 1808); notice sur le ton, sa culture, et sur posibilité de le cultiver dans le départeironde , 3rd ed (bordeaux: l’ipririe de brossier, 1823); on this effort see al do of tton and tton statistics of the world (new orleans: w b stansbury & , 1884), 48 on efforts to grow tton ncashire see john holt, neral view of the agriculture of the unty of ncaster (london: g nil, 1795), 207

6 n g svoronos, le rce de salonie au xviiie siècle (paris: presses universitaires de france, 1956), 67; bobay dispatches, io/e/4, 996, pp 351, 657; british library, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; eliyahu ashtor, “the veian tton trade syria the ter es,” studi dievali , ser 3, vol 17 (1976): 676, 682, 686

7 1790, the tton nsureat brita aounted to 306 illion pounds edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london: h fisher, r fisher, and p jackn, 1835), 215, 347, 348; thohae, 1886), 49; joel ical creativity and enoress (new york: oxford university press, 1990), 99; bernard lepetit, “frankreich, 1750–1850,” wolfra fischer et al, eds, handbuch der europ&228;ischen wirtschafts- und zialschichte , vol 4 (stuttgart: klett-tta, 1993), 487; brer handelsbtt 2 (1851): 4

8 ellin, the tton trade , 82–83; rowth of the british tton trade, 1780–1815 (anchester: anchester university press, 1967), 75

9 willia edenr, an address to the spners and anufacturers of tton wool, upon the present situation of the arket (london: the author, 1792), 15 there was always a shorta of bor, which able huri is-an, “state and peasants the ottoan epire: a study of peasant eno the sixteenth century,” huri is-an, ed, the ottoe university press, 1987), 126; elena frangakis-syrett, the hteenth century (1700–1820) (athens: centre for asia or studies, 1992), 11, 236; resat kasaba, the ottoan epire and the world enoy: the neteenth century (albany: state university of new york press, 1988), 25–27 on the capital shorta see donald ataert, “the riculture ottoan turkey, 1800–1914,” ternational journal of turkish studies 1 (1980): 44–45 on the iportance of political dependence see sevket pauk, the ottoe: cae university press, 1987), 53; ellin, the tton trade , 82–83; edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 86

10 report of the select ittee of the urt of directors of the east dia pany, upon the subject of the tton anufacture of this untry, 1793, ho iscelneo series, 401, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

11 “objections to the annexed pn,” noveber 10, 1790, ho iscelneo series, 434, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

12 see for exarowth of the british tton trade , 75, 82–83; ellin, the tton trade , 28, 84; east-dia pany, reports and docus of the east-dia pany regard to the culture and o dia (london: east-dia pany, 1836); py of letter by e sith to charles earl rnwallis, calcutta, october 26, 1789, ho iscelneo series, 434, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; vario pies of letters pied to a book retg to tton, 729–54, ho iscelneo series, 374, oriental and dia office llections, british library

13 on the long history of tton the caribbean see david watts, the west dies: patterns of develope: cae university press, 1987), 158–59, 183, 194, 296; charles ackenzie, facts, retive to the present state of the british tton lonies and to the nnection of their terests (edburgh: jah the british west dies, the years 1802 and 1803: givg a particur aount of the bahae f tyn jr, “on the periphery of the peripheries: the tton pntations of st croix, danish west dies, 1735–1815,” journal of caribbean history 26, no 1 (1992): 3, 6–8; “tableau de ue,” bryan edwards, an historical survey of the isnd of sat doo (london: prted for john stockdale, 1801), 230–31

14 “report fro the select ittee on the reat brita, hoe of ons, sessional papers, 1807, iii (65), pp 73–78, as oted ragatz, statistics , 22; edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 250; selwyn h h carrgton, the british west dies durg the arican revotion (dordrecht: foris, 1988), 31; “an aount of all tton wool of the growth of the british ereat brita called engnd,” national archives of the uk, kew, treasury departe 90 the nue 90 are fro baes, history of the tton anufacture , 347

15 “report fro the select ittee on the reat brita, hoe of ons, sessional papers, 1807, iii (65), pp 73–78, as oted lowell j ragatz, statistics for the study of british caribbean enoic history, 1763–1833 (london: bryan edwards press, 1928), 22; lowell j ragatz, the fall of the pnter css the british caribbean, 1763–1833: a study cial and enoic history (new york: century , 1928), 38; pcide-jt, histoire politie et statistie de l’&238;le d’hayti, sat-doue; écrite sur des docunts officiels et des notes ouvernent britannie dans les antilles (paris: brière, 1826), 501 on “ton des isles” see robert lévy, histoire énoie de l’dtrie tonnière en alsace (paris: f alcan, 1912), 56; nathan hall to john kg, nassau, ay 27, 1800, box 15, 23, national archives of the uk, kew

16 robert h schoraphical and statistical description of the isnd; a sketch of the historical events sce the settley and natural productions (london: longrowth of the british tton trade , 79; selwyn carrgton, “the arican revotion and the british west dies enoy,” journal of terdisciplary history 17 (1987): 841–42; edward n rappaport and josé fernandez-partagas, “the deadliest atntic tropical cyclones, 1492–1996,” national hurricane center, national weather service, atz, statistics , 15; s g stephens, “tton grog the west dies durg the eighteenth and neteenth centuries,” tropical agriculture 21 (february 1944): 23–29; walce brown, the good aricans: the loyalists the aail saunders, bahaian loyalists and their sves (london: ailn caribbean, 1983), 37

17 david eltis, “the sve enoies of the caribbean: structure, perforht, ed, neral history of the caribbean , vol 3, the sve cieties of the caribbean (london: unes publishg, 1997), 113, table 3:1 on production see edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 79 on french deand and reexports fro european french ports see jean tarrade, le i (paris: presses universitaires de france, 1972), 748–49, 753 i assud that reat brita

18 1790, there were 705 tton pntations on the isnd, pared to 792 sugar pntations edwards, an historical survey , 163–65, 230, 231 on sat-dok, the history of barbados , 150; ragatz, the fall of the pnter css , 39, 125; david eltis et al, the trans-atntic sve trade: a database on cd-roe university press, 1999); tarrade, le rce lonial , 759

19 stefano fenoaltea, “svery and supervision parative perspective: a odel,” journal of enoic history 44 (septeber 1984): 635–68

20 ar,” 412, 428

21 resat kasaba, “rporation of the ottoan epire,” review 10, supplent (sur/fall 1987): 827

22 transactions of the ciety stituted at london for the enurant of arts, anufactures, and rce 1 (london: dodsley, 1783), 254; ellin, the tton trade , 28; edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 77; governor orde to lord sydney, roseau, doica, june 13, 1786, lonial office, 71/10, national archives of the uk; president cas to lord sydney, granada, june 9, 1786, dispatches granada, lonial office, 101/26; governor d parry to lord sydney, barbados, ay 31, 1786, dispatches barbados, lonial office, 28/60, national archives of the uk; president brown to sydney, new providence, 23 february 1786, dispatches bahaas, lonial office 23/15, national archives of the uk on the pressure by rowth of the british tton trade , 75–76; governor orde to lord sydney, roeau, doica, arch 30, 1788, national archives of the uk

23 关于奴隶在资本主义史上的角色已经有很多讨论以它为主题，相当完善的摘要有 rob bckburn, the of neorld svery: fro the baroe to the odern, 1492–1800 (new york: ver, 1997), 509–80 see al the iportant article by ronald bailey, “the other side of svery: bck bor, tton, and textile dtrialization great brita and the united states,” agricultural history 68 (sprg 1994): 35–50; seyour drescher, capitalis and antisvery: british obilization parative perspective (new york: oxford university press, 1987), 9 the notion of “send svery” is fro dale toich and ichael zeke, “the send svery: ass svery, world-enoy, and parative icrohistories,” review: a journal of the fernand braudel center 31, no 3 (2008) cathere ery-vidrovitch argues that this expansion of svery the aricas al led to a “send svery” africa see cathere ery-vidrovitch, “african sves and atntic e: a periodization 1400–1880,” paper presented at “2nd sveries and the atntization of the aes: the trans-atntic sve trade database, , aessed january 31, 2013

24 an h adauiana, 1838–1904 (new haven: yale university press, 1972), 24; johannes poste: cae university press, 1990), 288

25 see for exaer hunt, observations upon brazilian tton wool, for the ration of the pnter and with a view to its iprovent (london: steel, 1808), 3; do of tton and tton statistics of the world (new orleans: w b stansbury & , 1889), 28; john c branner, tton the epire of brazil: the antiity, ether with statistics of exportation and ho office, 1885), 9, 46; cel furtado, the enorowth of brazil: a survey froeles: university of california press, 1965), 97; caio prado, the lonial background of eles: university of california press, 1969), 171–73, cited on 458; iz rdelio barbosa, “tton 19th century brazil: dependency and developton, 1989), 31; francis de assis leal odoeira do aranh&227;o, ua ana&769;lise das rec&807;o&771;es de produc&807;a&771;o na cultura do algoda&771;o, 1850–1890” (phd dissertation, universidade federal do aranha&771;o, 1987), 50

26 beshara dou paleste: rchants and peasants jabal nabs, 1700–1900 (berkeley and los anles: university of california press, 1995), 99; williaraphical description of the prcipal pces the east dies, cha, and japan, with their produce, anufactures, and trade (london: bck, parry & , 1813), 281; rowth of the british tton trade , 83

27 john tarleton to cyton tarleton, st jas’s hotel, february 5, 1788, 920 tar, box 4, letter 5, tarleton papers, liverpool rerds office, liverpool for tton a pntation see sandbach, tne & papers, rseyside sves see john tarleton to cyton tarleton, april 29, 1790, letter 8, 4, 920 tar, tarleton papers, liverpool rerds office; annual profit and loss aounts of john tarleton, 920 tar, box 2 and box 5, liverpool rerds office

28 1820年，种植英国工业消耗的棉花需要873312英亩的土地，这将占英国可耕地的78，并雇198738名农业工人。1840年棉花消费量需要3273414英亩土地，这将占英国可耕地的29，需要544066名农业劳动者。tton nsu to reat brita , 93–4) divided by 1820 yield per acre (175 pounds aordg to whartenby, “nd and bor productivity,” 54); 1820 reired tton acrea (873,312 acres) as a share of 1827 arable nd (11,143,370 acres) figure for arable nd taken fro past and present (new york: benja blo, c, 1972 [1st ed london, 1917]), [(“table 2–1827”) and select sessional papers , 1827, vol v, p 361] 1840 tton nsu to reat brita , 94) divided by 1840 yield per acre (181 pounds aordg to whartenby, “nd and bor productivity,” 54) tton nsuption 1860 (1,140,599,712 pounds) divided by 1840 yield of tton per acre the united states (181 pounds) and 1860 tton nsuption divided by 1840 yield per worker (1,089 pounds) the united states see al kenh po of the odern world enoy (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 2000), 276, 315 edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 75 the resistance to chan the european agricultural syste is al ephasized by philip ichael, “svery capitalis: the rise and deise of the us ante-bel tton culture,” theory and ciety 20 (june 1991): 326 for discsion of the great divernce see al david ndes, the unbound proe and dtrial developnt western europe froe university press, 2003); david ndes, the wealth and poverty of nations: why are rich and on, civilization: the west and the rest (new york: pengu, 2011); jared diaers, and steel: the fates of huan cieties (new york: norton, 1998) for an overview see al ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd , chapter 2

29 this is al argued for the west dies by ragatz, statistics , 10, 370 on the iar as a petitor to tton see iriculture for the west dies, r to tton cultivation the west dies (barbados: riculture for the west dies, 1903) edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 79, 250 iz rdelio barbosa, “tton 19th century brazil: dependency and developton, 1989), 170; jareat brita (london: sipk, arshall & , 1860), 79, 80, 86; db 176, sandbach, tne & papers, rseyside ariti eu, liverpool

30 edenr, an address to the spners and anufacturers of tton wool , 14, 21–3; frankl, the present state of hayti (st doion, fances, and popution, etc (london: j azette , june 13, 1792

31 john tarleton to cyton tarleton, septeber 27, 1792, letter 33, february 4, 1795, letter 75, 920 tar, tarleton papers, liverpool rerds office, liverpool see al orhan kur, “the tton fa-an, ed, the ottoe university press, 1987), 16; brian r e: ca prices see al stanley duanisation of the tton hteenth century,” enoic journal 33 (septeber 1923): 370; eily a rathbone, ed, rerds of the rathbone farowth of the british tton trade , 88

32 tench xe, a oir of february, 1817, upon the subject of the tton wool cultivation, the tton trade and the tton anufactories of the united states of arica (phidelphia: phidelphia ciety for the prootion of arican anufactures, 1817)

第5章　奴隶制盛行

1 petition, to the right honorable the lords of his n pntations, deceber 8, 1785, board of trade, national archives of the uk, kew other urces speak of a siir cident 1784 see for exado of tton and tton statistics of the world (new orleans: w b stansbury & , 1884), 37

2 see, for exaswirtschaft den norda: verg von duncker & hublot, 1897), 16–17; jay treaty, article xii; thohado of tton , 45

3 gav wright, the political enoy of the tton uth: hoeholds, arkets, and wealth the neteenth century (new york: norton, 1978), 14; chew, history of the kgdoton to thoas jeffern, february 13, 1789, reprted jared sparks, the writgs of e washgton , vol 9 (boston: rsell, odiorne, and ray, and , 1835), 470; tench xe, a oir of february 1817, upon the subject of the tton wool cultivation, the tton trade, and the tton anufactories of the united states of arica (phidelphia: phidelphia ciety for the proeneral see jas a b scherer, tton as a world power: a study the enoic terpretation of history (new york: f a stokes , 1916), 122–23; tench xe, view of the united states of arica (phidelphia: williarowth of the british tton trade, 1780–1815 (anchester: anchester university press, 1967), 87; tench xe to robert livgston, june 10, 1802, papers of tench xe, rrespondence and neral papers, june 1802, fil a 201, reel 74, historical ciety of pennsylvania

4 “tton cultivation, n trade of letter froton, dc: bir & rives, 1836), 8, aessed july 29, 2013,

5 joyce chapl, “creatg a tton uth ia and uth carola, 1760–1815,” journal of uthern history 57 (riculture the uthern united states to 1860 , vol 2 (washgton, dc: carnegie stitution of washgton, 1933), 673; chew, history of the kgdo of tton , 36, 41; on the hoehold production of tton and tton cloth see al scherer, tton as a world power , 124–25; ralph izard to henry urens, bath, deceber 20, 1775, as reprted rrespondence of r ralph izard of uth carola, fro the year 1774 to 1804; with a short oir (new york: charles s francis & , 1844), 174, see al 16, 82, 246, 296, 300, 370, 386, 390

6 john hebron doe: louisiana state university press, 1988), 77; chapl, “creatg a tton uth,” 177, 188, 193

7 edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 80, 85; chew, history of the kgdo of tton , 40 however, there was and ntues to be substantial ntroversy as to who pnted the first tton see nichol turnbull, “the begng of tton cultivation ia,” ia historical arterly 2, no 1 (riculture , 675–79; s g stephen, “the origs of sea isnd tton,” agricultural history 50 (1976): 391–99; trapan, schidt & to roup ck, box 2/1/30, letters received by onnel & kennedy, papers of onnel & kennedy, john rynds library, anchester

8 “ rapida transforrantes franceses (1802–1809),” levi arrero, cuba: enoia y ciedad , vol 11, azucar, istracion y nciencia, 1763–1868 (ence of the tton kgdorowth of the british tton trade , 92; brian schoen, the fragile fabric of union: tton, federal politics, and the global origs of the civil war (baltiore: johns hopks university press, 2009), 12

9 wright, the political enoriculture , 735

10 wright, the political enoy of the tton uth , 13; on whitney see scherer, tton as a world power , 155–67; stuart w bruchey, tton and the growth of the as (new york: harurt, brace & world, 1967), 45; an kwete, ventg the tton g: ache and yth antebel arees, y eyes unpersuasively, with this aount; david rasay, rasay’s history of uth carola, fro its first settlent 1670 to the year 1808 , vol 2 (newberry, sc: w j duffie, 1858), 121

11 stanley duanisation of the tton hteenth century,” eno a tton uth,” 187; here she suriculture , 685; cy k ford, “self-sufficiency, tton, and enoic developnt the uth carola upuntry, 1800–1860,” journal of enoic history 45 (june 1985): 261–67

12 the nubers are fro ada rothan, “the expansion of svery the deep uth, 1790–1820” (phd dissertation, bia university, 2000), 20; aln kulikoff, “uprooted people: bck e of the arican revotion, 1790–1820,” ira berl and ronald hoffe of the aia, 1983), 149; peter a cnis and cy k ford, “the uth carola enoy renstructed and rensidered: structure, output, and perfor dixie: reenwood press, 1988), 97; aln kulikoff, “uprooted people,” 149; gray, history of agriculture , 685

13 farister , vol 1, 490, as oted williaton, dc: arican uncil on public affairs, 1942), 18–19; bruchey, tton and the growth of the arican enoy , 80–81

14 united states, departnt of rce and bureau of the cens, historical statistics of the united states, lonial ti office, 1975), 518; edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london: h fisher, r fisher, and p jackn, 1835), 302; edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 89, 95; rasay, rasay’s history of uth carola , 121

15 xe, a oir of february 1817 , 3

16 for a discsion on frontier spaces see john c weaver, the great nd rh and the ill–een’s university press, 2003), 72–76

17 note by tho, sunday, june 19, np 1 a 4 13, northbrook papers, barg brothers, g barg archive, london

18 gray, history of agriculture , 686, 901; the story is suarized rothan, “the expansion of svery the deep uth,” 155–69; see al daniel h ner jr, arican dians the lower ississippi valley: cial and enoic histories (lln: university of nebraska press, 1998), 83–89; jas c bb, the ost uthern pce on earth: the ional identity (new york: oxford university press, 1992), 7; wrence g gundersen jr, “west tennessee and the tton frontier, 1818–1840,” west tennessee historical ciety papers 52 (1998): 25–43; david hubbard to j d beers, arch 7, 1835, new york and ississippi nd pany rerds, 1835–1889, state historical ciety of wisns, this urce to y attention

19 dewi ioan ball and joy porter, eds, petg voices froreenwood press, 2009), 85–87

20 this story is reted fascatg detail rothray, history of agriculture , 709; doe historical ats of the ae, 1999), 15

21 arican tton pnter 1 (1853): 152; de bow’s review 11 (septereat brita (london: siakis-syrett, the hteenth century (1700–1820) (athens: centre for asia or studies, 1992), 237

22 charles ackenzie, facts, retive to the present state of the british tton lonies and to the nnection of their terests (edburgh: jas crke, 1811), 35; “tton cultivation, n trade of letter froton, dc: bir & rives, 1836), 16, aessed july 29, 2013,

23 aln kulikoff, “uprooted people,” 143–52; jaraphy, atntic origs, n sve trade to north arica, 1783–1810” (phd dissertation, duke university, 1999), 40–98; walter johnn, “troduction,” walter johnn, ed, the chattel prciple: ternal sve trades the aricas (new haven, ct: yale university press, 2004), 6; walter johnn, ul by ul: life side the antebele, a: harvard university press, 2001); rothan, “the expansion of svery the deep uth,” 59, 84, 314; scherer, tton as a world power , 151; ichael tadan, specutors and sves: asters, traders, and sves the old uth (adin: university of wisns press, 1989), 12

24 see john h ricultural history 60, no 4 (fall 1986): 1–16; nuht, the political enoy of the tton uth , 27–28; ronald bailey, “the other side of svery: bck bor, tton, and textile dtrialization great brita and the united states,” agricultural history 68 (sprg 1994): 38

25 john brown, sve life ia: a narrative of the life, suffergs, and escape of john brown, a fugitive sve, now engnd: electronic edition , ed louis alexis charovzow (chapel hill: university of north carola, 2001), 11, 27, 171–72, , origally published 1854; henry bibb, narrative of the life and adventures of henry bibb, an arican sve, written by hiself: electronic edition (chapel hill: university of north carola, 2000), 132, , origally published 1815

26 willia rathbone vi to rathbone brothers, february 2, 1849, rp/ xxiv24, file of rrespondence, letters fro willia rathbone vi while arica, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool, liverpool; the liverpool chronicle is oted brer handelsbtt 93 (1853): 6

27 this whole story is developed john casper branner, tton the epire of brazil: the antiity, ether with statistics of exportation and ho office, 1885), 25–27, and iz rdelio barbosa, “tton 19th century brazil: dependency and developton, 1989), 7, 9, 65; eune w ridgs jr, “the rchant elite and the develop the epire,” journal of terat 1973): 343; gray, history of agriculture , 694; see al rothan, “the expansion of svery the deep uth,” 55; chapl, “creatg a tton uth,” 193

28 at 400 pounds to the bale the nudo , 129

29 bb, the ost uthern pce on earth , 7–10

30 bonnie huan property,” journal of uthern history 76, no 4 (noveber 2010): 840–41

31 c wayne s, history, technology, and production (new york: john wiley & ns, 1999), 103, 122; on the vario origs of arican tton see al white, cultivation and es of tton (charleston, sc: the old uth,” agricultural history 30 (1956): 97; ray, history of agriculture , 691

32 arican tton pnter 2 (ay 1854): 160

33 w e b dubois, the suppression of the african sve-trade to the united states of aar t thopn, pntation cieties, race retions, and the uth: the regiar t thopn (durha, nc: duke university press, 1975), 217; an l olstead and paul w rhode, “sve productivity on tton production by nder, a, sean, and scale,” aessed june 11, 2012, ; bailey, “the other side of svery,” 36

34 caitl c rosenthal, “svery’s scientific for astery,” sven beckert and seth rockan, eds, svery’s capitalis: a new history of arican enoic developnt (phidelphia: university of pennsylvania press, forthg, 2015); frederick w olstead, a journey the back untry (williaally published 1860; bill oke, “the denial of svery ent studies 40 (deceical novation” has been shown ical novation and productivity growth the antebel tton eno paper no 14142, june 2008; an l olical novation and ae university press, 2008) it has al been effectively critied by edward baptist, “the whippg-ache” (unpublished paper, nference on svery and capitalis, brown and harvard universities, arch 10, 2011, author’s possession) for the i doupta, “tton textiles and the great divernce: ncashire, dia and shiftg petitive advanta, 1600–1850,” center for enoic policy research (april 12, 2005), aessed deceber 12, 2012,

35 see for this argunt philip ichael, “svery capitalis: the rise and deise of the us ante-bel tton culture,” theory and ciety 20 (june 1991): 335; for the ncept of cial tabolis see the work of juan e ropke, eds, recent developar publishg, 2008); see al dale w toh the pris of svery (nha, d: rowan & littlefield, 2004), 61

36 gray, history of agriculture , 688; eune novese, “tton, svery and il exhation the old uth,” tton history review 2 (1961): 3–17; on the prices of sves see ada rothan, “the dostic sve trade arica: the lifeblood of the uthern sve syste,” johnn, ed, the chattel prciple , 95; on cy see savannah unit ia writers’ project, work projects adeia historical arterly 27 (arch 1943): 97–99

37 sauel dubose and frederick a porcher, a ntribution to the history of the huguenots of uth carola (new york: knickerbocker press, 1887), 19, 21; edwards, the growth of the british tton trade , 91; cnis and ford, “the uth carola enoy renstructed and rensidered,” 97; bb, the ost uthern pce on earth , 10; daniel w jordan to et 3, 1833, daniel w jordan papers, special llections departnt, perks library, duke university

38 philo-lon, a letter to s perceval on the expediency of irowth, ireat brita (london: j cawthorn, 1812), 9; lowell joseph ragatz, statistics for the study of british caribbean enoic history, 1763–1833 (london: bryan edwards press, 1927), 16; pnters’ and iport of tton wool fro the united states, 1813, official papers of first earl of liverpool, add ss 38252, f 78, liverpool papers, dstone, letters addressed to the right honourable the earl of cncarty, president of the board of trade, on the expediency of per the i the present war (london: j richardn, 1813), 7 仅在印度西部，1850年就有400万英亩的土地用于种植棉花，而在印度其他地区，种植棉花的土地还要更多。1850年，美国大约有700万英亩的土地用于种植棉花。auha, “raw tton of western dia: 1750–1850,” dian enoic and cial history review 9 (january 1972): 25

39 us treasury departnt report, 1836, p 16, as oted barbosa, “tton 19th century brazil,” 150; see al rothan, “the expansion of svery the deep uth,” 15 for the iportance of the dtrial revotion to svery’s dynaic the united states, see al barbara jeanne fields, “the advent of capitalist agriculture: the new uth a bourois world,” thavolia glyton: texas a&ht, the political enoy of the tton uth , 13; scherer, tton as a world power , 150; the proceedgs of the agricultural nvention of the state agricultural ciety of uth carola: fro 1839 to 1845—csive (arwa, “dostic works as a basis for new york city’s rise to pre-eence, 1780–1812” (unpublished paper presented at the bess history nference, le creot, france, june 19, 2004), 21; raricultural history 68 (sprg 1994): 147; bruchey, tton and the growth of the arican enoy , 2

40 halle, bauanization of the tton power: a: lewis b andrews book and job prter, 1858), 7; arican tton pnter 1 (january 1853): 11

41 在研究美国南方的历史学家中，南方种植园经济在全球经济中的重要性往往被忽视。see ianuel wallerste, “arican svery and the capitalist world-enoy 81 (arch 1976): 1208; francis carnac brown, free trade and the tton estion with reference to dia (london: effgha the levant trade to the right honourable the board of privy uncil for trade and foreign pntations, as pied proceedgs of the of february 9, 1825, s of the anchester chaber of rce, 1821–27, archives of the anchester chaber of rce, anchester archives and local studies, ricultural nvention of the state agricultural ciety of uth carola , 323

42 letter by [illegible] to “y dear sir” (a forr president of the board of trade), liverpool, june 16, 1828, docunt f255, hkisn papers, ancript llections, british library, london; “orial of the directors of the chaber of rce and ow, 15 deceber 1838,” official papers nnected with the i h huttann, 1839), 6, 8; a tton spner, dia our hope; or, rearks upon our supply of tton (reat brita , 56; ac culloch, as oted brer handelsbtt 1 (1851): 5

43 a tton spner, dia our hope , 5; j g lls, an essay favour of the lonialization of the north and north-west provces of dia, with regard to the estion of creased tton supply and its bearg on the sve trade (london: w h allen & , nd, c 1859), 35; john gunn lls, scde & the punjab: the s of dia respect to their past and unparalleled capabilities of suppntg the sve states of arica the tton lish nation on behalf of its great tton terest, threatened with adeate supplies of the raw ut 8, 1857, 281

44 barg brothers liverpool to barg brothers london, liverpool, october 22, 1835, hc335,2, hoe rrespondence, g barg archive, london; for that issue see al schoen, the fragile fabric of union , 1–10

45 a tton spner, the safety of brita and the suppression of svery: a letter to the right hon sir robert peel on the iportance of an iproved supply of tton fro dia (london: sipk, arshall, 1845), 3, 4; a tton spner, dia our hope , 6; brown, free trade and the tton estion , 44; lls, scde & the punjab , 5; anonyo, the tton trade of dia: aere: can dia not supply engnd with tton? (london: spottiswoode, 1839); riculture of the royal asiatic ciety, on the cultivation of tton dia (london: harrin & , 1840); john forbes royle, essay on the productive reurces of dia (london: wston, june 10, 1802, papers of tench xe, rrespondence and neral papers, june 1802, fil a 201, reel 74, historical ciety of pennsylvania

46 see, for exaple, istère de are et des lonies to the secrétaire d’état de l’térieur, paris, january 27, 1819; ciété d’enurant pour l’dtrie nationale to secrétaire d’état de l’térieur, paris, october 17, 1821, f12–2196, “raer le ton,” archives nationales, paris; a tton spner, dia our hope , 15; an dian civil servant, urers and ryots, beg an answer to the estion “why does not dia produce ore tton?” (london: sith, elder & , 1856); lls, scde & the punjab , 5; anonyriculture of the royal asiatic ciety, on the cultivation of tton dia ; royle, essay on the productive reurces of dia , 314; j chapan, the tton and rce of dia (london: john chapan, 1851)

47 see, for exarowth of tton dia , hoe of ons, parliantary papers, 1847–48, vol ix; the sixteenth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester for the year 1836 (anchester: henry sith, 1837), 13; the thirty-sixth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester for the year 1856 (anchester: jas lls, 1857), 34; the seventeenth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester for the year 1836 (anchester: henry s of the board of directors, anchester rcial asciation, noveber 13, 1845, 8, 7/1, anchester rcial asciation papers, anchester archives and local studies, anchester for further pressure see py of letter of john peel, anchester rcial asciation, to the chairan of the urt of directors of the honourable east dia pany, anchester, arch 1, 1848, ho departnt, revenue branch, october 28, 1849, nos 3/4, national archives of dia, new delhi; tho, anchester, septeber 9, 1857, hoe rrespondence, np 631, tho archive, london

48 arthur w silver, anchester n and dian tton, 1847–1872 (anchester: anchester university press, 1966), 58; “orial of the anchester chaber of rce, dated deceber 1838,” and “orial of the directors of the chaber of rce and ow, 15 deceber 1838,” official papers nnected with the iproved cultivation of tton , 6, 8, 10; reat brita , 62; karl arden city, nj: doubleday, 1968), 100–101

49 silver, anchester n and dian tton , 61

50 the thirty-sixth annual report of the board of directors , 13, 31–45; the thirty-eighth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester for the year 1858 (anchester: jas lls, 1859), 14–43; the thirty-seventh annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester for the year 1857 (anchester: jas lls, 1858), 11–12 for the anchester tton supply asciation see tton supply asciation, report of an i held at alt, kerruish, & kirby, 1857), 2

51 see for exarowth of tton dia , hoe of ister , new series, 30 (septereat brita , 65; riculture of the royal asiatic ciety, on the cultivation of tton dia , 17; guha, “raw tton of western dia,” 2

52 silver, uha, “raw tton of western dia,” 5, 33; frederic wakean jr, “the canton trade and the opiue history of cha , vol 10, part 1 (cae university press, 1978), 171 the id-1840s exports fro bobay to cha aounted to about 40 illion pounds; de bow’s review 1 (april 1846), pp 295–96 see al sucheta y and the world e, a: harvard university press, 1998), 105–6

53 see the assessnt of the calcutta review : “bobay ttons and dian railways,” calcutta review 26 (june 1850): 331; l dana, a hundred years of dian tton (bobay: east dia tton asciation, 1947), 45–46; see al k l tuteja, “agricultural technology gujarat: a study of exotic seed and saw gs, 1800–50,” dian historical review 17, nos 1–3 (1990–91): 136–51; j g al (calcutta: savielle & cranenburgh, 1862), 296; “tton uthern ency for the purchase of tton established,” pitions vol 27/355, 1831, pition no 395, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai; ute by the vice president, tcalfe, arch 3, 1831, revenue departnt, revenue branch, “a,” july 1831, no 69/74, part b, national archives of dia, new delhi; hot 1839, no 1/4, national archives of dia; silver, anchester n and dian tton , 74; on vario other asures taken by the pany to iprove and crease dian tton exports see j forbes royle, on the culture and rce of tton dia and elsewhere: with an aount of the experints ade by the hon east dia pany up to the present ti (london: sith, elder, & , 1851), 86–90

54 see for exaple territorial departovernnt, june 21, 1830, 43/324/1830, pitions, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai; “abstract of the replies of local authorities to the board’s circur of 21st february 1848 callg for certa ration retive to the cultivation of tton dia and reired by the honourable urt of directors,” ho departnt, revenue branch, deceber 2, 1848, nos 10–18, national archives of dia, new delhi; see al “prospects of tton cultivation the saugor and narbadda territories the nizat 12, 1848, no 3–11, national archives of dia; “capabilities of the bo tton the event of an creased deand fro europe,” arch 1, 1850, revenue branch, ho departnt, national archives of dia; revenue departnt, pitions vol 6/413, 1832, pition no 62, tton experiuzerat, aharashtra state archives; pitions vol 10/478, 1833, pition no 5, tton experiuzerat, revenue departnt, ister , new series, 21 (septeber–deceber 1836): 220, 22 (january–april 1837): 234, and 38 (1842): 371; tuteja, “agricultural technology gujarat”: 137; riculture of the royal asiatic ciety, on the cultivation of tton dia , 15

55 see for exaple “tton cultivation under the supertendence of the arican tton pnters nw provces, bobay and adras,” january 17, 1842, no 13–17, revenue departnt, ho departnt, national archives of dia, new delhi; john acfarhar to east dia pany, new orleans, january 13, 1842, ood to east dia pany, new orleans, june 10, 1842, o letters dated 13 january and 10 june to the directors of the east dia pany, ss eur c157, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; hot 1839, no 1/4, national archives of dia; see al retion dated septeovernnt of dia, revenue departnt, revenue branch, 21st septeber 1840, no 1/3, national archives of dia; letter by [illegible] to t h addok, territorial departriculture departnt, revenue branch, february 28, 1842, nos 2–5, national archives of dia; al , 305; asiatic journal and ister , new series, 36 (septeber–deceber 1841): 343

56 silver, anchester ister , new series, 35 (t 1841): 502; py of letter froujerat, broach, noveber 1830 to willia stubbs, esq, prcipal llector, surat, pitions vol 22/350, 1831, revenue departibbs, broach, october 5, 1831, to thoovernnt, pitions vol 22/350, 1831, revenue departnt, ister , new series, 39 (1842): 106; letter by [illegible] to t h addok, territorial departriculture departnt, revenue branch, february 28, 1842, nos 2–5, national archives of dia, new delhi; report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1846–47 (bobay: arican ission press, 1847), 5

57 al , 320, 322, 323, 331, 340, 352, 366

58 annual report of the transactions of the bobay chaber of rce for the official year 1840–41 (bobay: bobay tis and journal of rce press, 1841), 112–19; py of a letter of john peel, anchester rcial asciation, to the chairan of the urt of directors of the honourable east dia pany, london, arch 1, 1848, anchester rcial asciation, october 18, 1848, no 3–4, revenue branch, ho departnt, national archives of dia, new delhi; riculture of the royal asiatic ciety, on the cultivation of tton dia , 4

59 east-dia pany, reports and docus of the east-dia pany regard to the culture and o dia (london: east-dia pany, 1836); reprted letter of bell, llector’s office, dharwar, 10 january 1850 to h e goldsovernnt, bobay, reprted report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1849–50 (bobay: arican ission press, 1850), 26; bobay chaber of rce, annual report of the bobay chaber of rce for the official year 1840–41 , 104

60 ellin, the tton trade , 99; revenue departnt no 4 of 1839, reprted official papers nnected with the iproved cultivation of tton , 1, nsulted asiatic ciety of bobay library, ubai; annual report of the bobay chaazette press, 1860), xxviii

61 rant, boreen and longan, 1850), 9

62 tuteja, “agricultural technology gujarat”; “replies to the eries proposed by the govern the tton trade the nizat 12, 1848, no 3–11, p 167, national archives of dia, new delhi; report fro kaira llector to revenue departnt, neriad, arch 22, 1823, pitions vol 8/60, 1823, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai

63 tuteja, “agricultural technology gujarat,” 147, 151; letter of chartles rh (?), char of experintal tton far dharwar, february 21, 1831, to thoovernnt, bobay, pitions vol 22/350, 1831, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, rowth of tton dia , hoe of ujarat”; letter by j p siovernnt, the warehoekeeper and rcial aount, bobay castle, 18 ay 1820, pitions vol 4, 1821, rcial departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai

64 关于本地商人如何把棉花从种植者那里运到市场上的详情，见：tton trade bobay, 1811, despatches to bobay, e4/1027, pp 135–47, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london see al es the export unity, 1850 to 1880,” enoy and ciety: essays dian enoic and cial history (delhi: oxford university press, 1979), 63–196; arika vicziany, the tton trade and the rcial developnt of bobay, 1855–75 (london: university of london press, 1975), especially 170–71; dana, a hundred years of dian tton , 37; bobay chaber of rce, annual report of the bobay chaber of ible], ilbert overnnt, bobay, pitions vol 26, 1825, “nsultation tton vestnt,” rcial departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai; report fro kaira llector to revenue departnt, neriad, arch 22, 1823, pitions vol 8/60, 1823, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives

65 annual report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1846–47 (bobay: ariculture of the royal asiatic ciety, on the cultivation of tton dia , 4; annual report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1849–50 (bobay: arican ission press, 1850), 7; bobay chaber of rce, annual report of the bobay chaber of rce for the official year 1840–41 , 110–11; capta taylor to lonel low, reports on district of sharapoor, sharapoor, june 23, 1848, “prospects of tton cultivation the saugor and narbadda territories the nizat 12, 1848, no 3–11, revenue branch, ho departnt, national archives of dia, new delhi; report frorowth of tton dia , hoe of ons, v

66 bobay chaber of rce, annual report of the bobay chaber of rce for the official year 1840–41 , 104, 107; py of letter froujerat, broach, noveber 1830 to willia stubbs, esq, prcipal llector, surat, pitions vol 22/350, 1831, revenue departnt, aharahstra state archives, ubai see al art to stubbs, 1st october 1831, pitions vol 22/350, 1831, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai

67 peely, actg rcial resident, northern factories, july 21, 1831, to charles norris, esq, civil secretary to governnt, bobay, pitions vol 22/350, 1831, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, riculture of the royal asiatic ciety, on the cultivation of tton dia , 13; letter by h a harrin, 1st assistant llector, ootaund, october 14, 1832, to l r reid, esq, secretary to governnt, bobay, pitions vol 7/412, 1832, s respectg the foration of ________ the vicity of jails,” pition no 118, aharashtra state archives, ubai; py of letter of t h balier (?), llector, dharwar, 19th augt 1825 to willia chapl, esq, issioner, poona, pitions vol 26, 1835, “nsultation tton vestnt,” discsions on svery dia can be found asiatic journal and ister , new series, 15 (septe 15, 21 (1779), oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

68 py of letter fro j dunbar, issioner of daa, to sudder, board of revenue, septeber 27, 1848, ho departnt, revenue branch, deceber 2, 1848, nos 10–18, national archives of dia, new delhi

69 e r j owen, tton and the egyptian enoy, 1820–1914: a study trade and developliddon, a ypt (london: jas adden & , 1841), 11

70 owen, tton and the egyptian enoypt ; “aze and , “report on egypt and candia,” great brita, parliantary papers, 1840, vol xxi, 19; christos hadziiossifypte, 1833–1836” (phd dissertation, rbonne, 1980), 111; john bowrg, “report on egypt and candia (1840),” cited owen, tton and the egyptian enoy , 318

71 owen, tton and the egyptian enoy , 36–37, 40

72 the graph on pa 133 is based on ryptian enoyptian tton exports, 1821–1837,” 45; table 5, “voyptian tton exports, 1838–1859,” 73

73 fro about 1823 to 1840 robert lévy, histoire énoie descriptive (paris: f alcan, 1912), 58; py of a ht honourable the board of privy uncil for trade and foreign pntations, as pied proceedgs of the of february 9, 1825, s of the anchester chaber of rce, 1821–27, archives of the anchester chaber of rce, anchester archives and local studies, anchester

74 bre beut, von 3 ballen zu weltarkt: klee bre franz leuwer, 1934), 25; philip ichael, “svery capitalis,” 327

75 ellin, the tton trade , 96

76 albert feuerwerker, “handicraft and anufactured tton textiles cha, 1871–1910,” journal of eno chao, the develope, a: harvard university press, 1977), 4–13; robert fortune, three years’ wandergs the northern provces of cha, cdg a visit to the tea, silk, and tton untries, with an aount of the agriculture and horticulture of the chese, new pnts, etc (london: john es of dtrial developnt asia: a parative history of the tton dtry japan, dia, cha and korea (phidelphia: university of pennsylvania press, 1966), 28, 38, 45; williaawa japan: osaka and the kai tton trade (cae university press, 1974), 59, 117–20; haal: the east dia pany and the anization of textile production bengal, 1750–1813 (delhi: oxford university press, 1988), 28

77 k&228;ren win, the of a japanese periphery, 1750–1920 (berkeley: university of california press, 1995); tench xe, an addition, of decet 1817, on the subject of the tton culture, the tton rce, and the tton anufacture of the united states, etc (phidelphia: np, 1818), 3; “extracts and abstract of a letter fro issioner of revenue the daa division, to lord b of [illegible], dated daa, ay 2, 1844,” ss eur f 78, 44, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

第6章　工业资本主义起飞

1 for biographical rraphy , vol 20 (new york: jas t white, 1929), 79 for baranda see “pedro saz de baranda,” enciclopedia yucatanense , vol 7 (ciudad de obierno de yucatan, 1977), 51–67; john l stevens, cidents of travel yucatan , vol 2 (new york: harper & brothers, 1843), 329

2 stevens, cidents , 330; howard f cle, “the ‘aurora yucateca’ and the spirit of enterprise yucatan, 1821–1847,” hispanic arican historical review 27, no 1 (february 1947): 39–44; enciclopedia yucatanense , vol 7, 61–62 see al othon ba&241;os rararia, estado en yucatán (érida: universidad autonoa de yucatán, 1990), 24

3 gise der wiesent&228;ler textildtrie bis zu jahre 1945” (phd dissertation, university of basel, 1965), 35, 36; richard dietsche, “die dtrielle enickng des wiesentales bis zu jahre 1870” (phd dissertation, university of basel, 1937), 16, 18, 30, 34, 37; walter bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft ie (zurich: verg berichtha, 1960), 226

4 dietsche, “die dtrielle enickng,” 18, 20, 21, 34, 47, 48, 61, 76; friedrich deher, staufen und der obere breisgau: chronik eer ndschaft (karlsruhe: verg g braun, 1967), 191–92; eberhard gothe, wirtschaftsschichte des schaldes und der angrenzenden ndschaften (strassburg: karl j truebner, 1892), 754; o ott, “der schald: die wirtschaftliche enickng seit deehenden 18 jahrhundert,” franz arthal, ed, ischen schald und schw&228;bischer alb: das nd aen: thorbecke, 1984), 399

5 arthur l dunha, “the developlo-french treaty of rce of 1860,” enoerhard adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds und der westlichen nachbarl&228;nder bei von der vordtriellen zur fruhdtriellen zeit, 1750–1815 (stuttgart: franz steer verg, 2001), 76; r eran tton dtry (anchester: anchester university press, 1913), 3; j k j thon, a distctive dtrialization: tton barcelona, 1728–1832 (cae university press, 1992), 248; j dhondt, “the tton dtry at ghent durg the french regi,” f crouzet, w h chaloner, and w stern, eds, essays european enoe der chenitzer be s&228;chsischen bauwollspnerei von 1789–1879” (phd dissertation, university of heidelberg, 1914), 19; rudolf forberr, die dtrielle revotion sachsen 1800–1861, bd 1, eiter halbband: die revotion der produktivkr&228;fte sachsen 1800–1830 ubersichten zur fabrikenickng (berl: akade, 1982), 14; albert tanner, “the tton dtry of eastern switzernd, 1750–1914: froe dtry,” textile history 23, no 2 (1992): 139; wolfgang uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb (xiko) i 19 jahrhundert” (phd dissertation, university of bonn, 1977), 144; e r j owen, tton and the egyptian enoy, 1820–1914: a study trade and developnt (oxford: crendon press, 1969), 23–24

6 on ncerns a british anufacturers about this spread, see the sixteenth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at eneral of the bers, held february 13th 1837 (anchester: henry sith, 1837), 13

7 sydney polrd 正确地强调工业化在这一点时（在铁路之前）不是国家发展，而是区域发展；欧洲有工业化地区（例如加泰罗尼亚）。sydney polrd, peaceful nest: the dtrialization of europe, 1760–1970 (new york: oxford university press, 1981); see al joel okyr, dtrialization the low untries, 1795–1850 (new haven, ct: yale university press, 1976), 26, 28

8 gunter kirchha, “das wachstu der deutschen bauwolldtrie i 19 jahr-hundert: ee historische ” (phd dissertation, university of unster, 1973), 30, 41; francis ariano nipho, estafeta de londres (ne dans l’espagne oderne: recherches sur le fondents énoies des structures nationales , vol 2 (paris: sevpen, 1962), 10; pavel a khroo kapitaliza (osw: 1963), 80; howard f cle, “spirit of enterprise yucatan,” lewis hanke, ed, history of t arican civilization , vol 2 (london: ewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 153; dunha, “the developnt of the tton dtry,” 288; b biuhi, “switzernd, 1700–1914,” carlo cipol, ed, the fontana enoow: lls, 1977), 634; robert lévy, histoire énoie de l’dtrie tonnière en alsace (paris: felix alcan, 1912), 87, 89; united states cens bureau, anufactures of the united states 1860; piled frohth cens under the direction of the secretary of the terior (washgton, dc: govern office, 1865), xvii; ronald bailey, “the sve(ry) trade and the developnt of capitalisnd,” joseph e ikori and stanley l enran, eds, the atntic sve trade: effects on enoies, cieties, and peoples africa, the aricas, and europe (durha, nc: duke university press, 1992), 221

9 bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 281

10 dhondt, “the tton dtry at ghent,” 15; er, “standortschichte der deutschen bau, 1911), 19; walce daniel, “entrepreneurship and the rsian textile dtry: froreat,” rsian review 54, no 1 (january 1995): 1–25; lévy, histoire éno der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 181–203

11 adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 16, 54; aurice lévy leboyer, les banes européennes et l’dtrialisation ternationale dans preière oitié du xixe siècle (paris: [faculté des lettres et sciences huhent,” 16; willias of rsian dtrialization, 1800–1860 (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 1968), 44; v konoov et al istoriia otechestvennoi tekstil’ noi proyshlennosti (osw, 1992), 94, 96 this process is al detailed for alsace rayond oberlé, “ siècle des e livet and rayes à nos jours (strasbourg: istra, 1977), 127; paul leuilliot, “l’esr énoie du xixe siècle et les transforations de cité,” livet and oberlé, eds, histoire de ulhoe , 182

12 for the ncept of proto-dtrialization see p kriedte, h dick, and j schboh, dtrialization before dtrialization: rural dtry the nesis of capitalise university press, 1981); der chenitzer,” 17–18; thon, a distctive dtrialization , 13

13 albert tanner, spulen, weben, sticken: die dtrialisierung appenzell aserrhoden (zurich: juris druck, 1982), 8, 19; bod der schweizer-ischen textilwirtschaft , 231; john bowrg, bericht an das englische parewerbe der schweiz (zurich: orell, fuessli und pa-gnie, 1837), 37

14 shepard b clough, the enoic history of odern italy (new york: bia university press, 1964), 62; thon, a distctive dtrialization , 12; adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 49 on the obrajes see the iportant work by richard j salvui, textiles and capitalis xi: an enoic history of the obrajes, 1539–1840 (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 1987); uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb,” 34

15 der chenitzer,” 18

16 bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 279, 339; thon, a distctive dtrialization , 208; lévy, histoire énoer portal, “vite dtrialists: the tton sector, 1861–1914,” bckwell, ed, rsian enoic developnt , 174

17 barbara s of the arican textile dtry, 1790–1860 (ithaca, ny: rnell university press, 1984), 52, 97

18 williaston, arch 10, 1813, folder 49, john hols papers, ancripts and archives division, new york public library, new york

19 der chenitzer,” 32; enciclopedia yucatanense , vol 7, 62 on the annual was of skilled workers see ichael p steloe, the central republic e of santa anna (new york: cae university press, 1993), 108 hau, l’dtrialisation de l’alsace , 328, 330, 340

20 robert f dalzell, enterprisg elite: the boston asciates and the world they e, e rate is taken fro patrick kelly, the universal caeneral treatise on exchan, cdg nations and their lonies , vol 1 (london: ckgton, allen, and [et al], 1811), 12; tho-out work early neteenth-century new engnd: won and the transition to capitalisnd arterly 64, no 4 (deceber 1, 1991): 536–37 see the analysis of ex-sves’ narratives at “ex-sve narratives: lowell cloth,” aessed augt 12, 2013, ; pierre rvais, “the tton ‘factory’ a pre-dtrial eno pany, 1815–1820” (unpublished paper, author’s possession, 2003), 3; peter teration the early tton textile dtry,” journal of enoic history 48, no 4 (deceber 1988): 897; ronald bailey, “the other side of svery: bck bor, tton, and textile dtrialization great brita and the united states,” agricultural history 68, no 2 (sprg 1994): 45, 49

21 hau, l’dtrialisation de l’alsace , 335–38; herich herkner, die oberels&228;ss-ische bau: k j trubner, 1887), 92; pierre-a wavre, “swiss vestnts italy fro the xviiith to the xxth century,” journal of european eno 1988), 86–87; thon, a distctive dtrialization , 7, 117; uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb,” 225, 244

22 o predpriatel’stva: dastiia knopov: nauchno-analiticheskii obzor (osw: ion an sssr, 1995), 12, 14, 16, 19, 21, 29ff, 36; bckwell, the begngs , 241

23 hau, l’dtrialisation de l’alsace , 388; paulette teisnniere-jest, “itéraire cial d’une grande faer de 1830 à 1930” (phd dissertation, university of lies, 1982), 129, 149; bullet de ciété dtrielle de ulhoe 1 (1828); bullet de ciété dtrielle de ulhoe 2 (1829); bullet de ciété dtrielle de css and nationality alsace, 1830–1945 (dekalb: northern illois university press, 2001), 49

24 adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 67

25 wright are, dukfield, april 16, 1817, are papers, ancripts and archives division, new york public library, new york; see al the letters the papers of roup ck, box 2/1/1; letterbook, 1805–1810, box 2/2/3; letterbook, nnts book, 1809–1829, box 3/3/11; buchanan, ann & to onnel & kennedy, calcutta, noveber 3, 1824, box 2/1/30, all papers of onnel & kennedy, john rynds library, of the new syste” and the purposes for which this systeht to e (stockport: j loax, 1828), 131 analysis of all rrespondence of onnel & kennedy for the year 1825 roup ck/2, john rynds library, anchester; d a farnie, john rynds of anchester (anchester: john rynds university library of anchester, 1993), 5, 10, 13 see al roup jrl/2/2, archive of rynds & ns ltd, john rynds library, anchester

26 yarn delivery book, 1836–38, rerd group ck, box 3/3/12, papers of onnel & kennedy, john rynds library, anchester; stanley chapan, rchant enterprise brita: froe: cae university press, 1992), 62, 69ff, 92, 109, 113, 133, 136, 139, 164, 168, 173, 176; bill willia of anchester jewry, 1740–1875 (anchester: anchester university press, 1976), 81 farnie, john rynds , 4; british packet and arnte news , february 9, 1850, augt 3, 1850; vera bln reber, british e, a: harvard university press, 1979), 58, 59; carlos newnd, “exports and terenta, 1811–1870,” bullet of t arican research 17, no 3 (1998): 409–16; d c ptt, t arica and british trade, 1806–1914 (london: ada & charles bck, 1972), 15, 39; h s ferns, “vestenta the neteenth century,” enoic history review , new series, 3, no 2 (1950): 207, 210; bnkenhan & then to hugh dals, london, noveber 18, 1818, file 003/1–1/24, dals papers, ban de provcia de buenos aires, archivo y eo historis, buenos aires see al r f alexander to hugh dals, gsgow, arch 19, 1819, ibid rchants al wrote to dals and asked hinh dals, liverpool, april 2, 1821, ibid, file 003/1–1/13; kg & ow, april 25, 1819, bnkenhan & then to hugh dals, london, noveber 18, 1818, ibid

27 d c ene w ridgs, “bess asciationalisence of a bess elite neteenth-century brazil,” bess history review 63, no 4 (ter 1989): 758; stanley j ste, the brazilian tton anufacture: textile enterprise an underdeveloped area, 1850–1950 (cae, a: harvard university press, 1957), 8–9, 14

28 bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 231, 276, 281; adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 58; dehn, the ran tton dtry , 3

29 see warren c sville, “spread of technies: y,” journal of enoewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 72; dunhaoldstone, “nder, work, and culture: why the dtrial revotion caical perspectives 39, no 1 (sprg 1996): 2

30 w o hendern, brita and dtrial europe, 1750–1870: studies british fence on the dtrial revotion western europe (liverpool: liverpool university press, 1954), 4, 7, 102, 267; kriste brund, british technology and european dtrialization: the norwegian textile dtry the e university press, 1989), 3, 14; david j jereovernnt efforts to check the outflow of technicians and achery, 1780–1843 (boston: harvard bess school press, 1977), 32–33; jan dhont and arette bruwier, “the low untries, 1700–1914,” cipol, ed, the fontana enoic history of europe , vol 4, part 1, 348; adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 77, 127; david j jerey, transatntic dtrial revotion: the diffion of textile technology beeen brita and ae, a: rriack valley textile eu/it press, 1981), 17; david ndes, the unbound proe and dtrial develope: cae university press, 1969), 148; rondo cay as a probleraphy 51, no 3 (july 1975): 221; john istion of europe and north arica (london: henry hooper, 1841), 290

31 doie barjot, “les entrepreneurs de norandie, du ae et de l’anjou à l’époe du send epire,” annales de norandie 38, no 2–3 (ay–july 1988): 99–103; hendern, brita and dtrial europe , 12, 28; paul leuilliot, “l’esr énoie du xixe siècle et les transforations de cité,” livet and oberlé, eds, histoire de ulhoe , 184 see caleterre 1831, 667 ko 22 i, llection koechl, bibliothèe, ée de l’ipression sur etoffes, ulhoe, france

32 bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 276–77; thon, a distctive dtrialization , 249; hendern, brita and dtrial europe , 142, 194–95; andrea ko onarchy and its suesr states,” lex heera van voss, els hiestra-kuper, and elise van nederveen ate panion to the history of textile workers, 1650–2000 (burlgton, vt: ashgate, 2010), 53

33 uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb,” 108, 109, 237; jerey, transatntic dtrial revotion , 5, 6, 77, 78; dalzell, enterprisg elite ; jerey, transatntic dtrial revotion , 41; brund, british technology , 18

34 bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 278; ,” 25; cay,” 220; hau, l’dtrialisation de l’alsace , 366–70, 403ff; bernard volr and ichel hau, historie énot siècles de dévelope: éditions nuée bleue, 1997), 146ff; dave pretty, “the tton textile dtry rsia and the viet union,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 424; j k j tho the ‘take-off’ of the catan tton dtry,” enoic history review 58, no 4 (noveates of the junta de ercio, legajo 23, no 21, fos 6–11, biblioteca de catanya, barcelona; herkner, die oberels&228;ssische bauwolldtrie , 72ff; dtry of the united states (cae, a: harvard university press, 1917), 9, 69, 70

35 okyr, dtrialization the low untries , 39; adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 89–90; ,” 21; konoov et al, istoriia , 79, 92; rs k christensen, “den of ate panion to the history of textile workers , 144; alexander hailton, “report on the subject of anufactures, deces (new york: library of arica, 2001), 647–734; sauel rezneck, “the rise and early developnt of dtrial nscioness the united states, 1760–1830,” journal of enoic and bess history 4 (1932): 784–811; uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb,” 41

36 adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 67; herkner, die oberels&228;ssische bauwolldtrie , 92, 95; hau, l’dtrialisation de l’alsace , 209ff; oberlé, “ siècle des ,” 23, 28, 37, 68

37 bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 278; tanner, spulen, weben, sticken , 24, 33, 44

38 dougs a ir and peter te, “the antebel tariff on tton textiles revisited,” journal of enoic history 61, no 3 (septeber 2001): 795; u s departnt of the treasury, letter fro the secretary of the treasury, “cultivation, n trade of tton,” arch 4, 1836, doc no 146, treasury departress, 1st session (washgton, dc: bire & rives, prters, 1836); jerey, transatntic dtrial revotion , 96; s of arry bank ill: the rise and decle of a fae university press, 1986), 46

39 wright aroodier, dunkfield, e faily papers, special llections, new york public library, new york

40 te, “product ality,” 898; dunha, “the develop,” 43; united states departnt of state, report the n nations: parative tariffs; tabur statents of the dostic exports of the united states; duties on iportation of the staple or prcipal production of the united states to foreign untries (washgton, dc: gales and seaton, 1842), 534–35

41 paul leuilliot, “l’esr énoie du xixe siècle et les transforations de cité,” livet and oberlé, eds, histoire de ,” 56–57; ,” 47, 51–52 for the ieran tton dtry , 4; kirchha, “das wachstu,” 185; friedrich list, national systereen, and , 1904), 169; anl sate panion to the history of textile workers , 455 还有许多其他国家征收高额进口税; for a survey see united states departnt of state, report the n nations , 534–35

42 te, “product ality,” 897, 898; ir and te, “the antebel tariff,” 780–89, 796 the 84 percent nuber (which is probably not entirely aurate) is taken froirls and nates (new york: rsell & rsell, 1949), 30 for the role of the “boston asciates” the iport of dian ttons, see jas fichter, “dian textiles and aehn nference, university of padua, noveber 17–19, 2005, author’s possession)

43 uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb,” 14, 16, 31, 35, 39, 43, 45, 48, 55; rafael dobado gonzáles, aurora golobalization, de-dtrialization and xican exceptionalis paper no 12316, june 2006, 5, 12, 13, 15, 35, 36, 40; see al l lewis, “tton textiles and bour-tensive dtrialization sce 1825” (unpublished paper, global enoic history work nference, osaka, deceber 16–18, 2004, author’s possession); esteban de antu&241;ano, oria breve de dtria anufacturera de éxi, desde el a&241;o de 1821 hasta el presente (pueb: ofica del hospital de s pedro, 1835); esteban de antu&241;ano to se&241;or d carlos btante, pueb, deceber 4, 1836, as reprted esteban de antu&241;ano, breve odon nstancia xicana y dtria de este rao (pueb: oficia des hospital de san pedro, 1837), 4; david alker, kship, bess, and politics: the artez del rio faily xi, 1824–1867 (at: university of texas press, 1986), 138; cara de disputados, dictan de ision de dtria, bre prohibicion de hiza y ejidos de algodon (1835)

44 david alker, kship, bess, and politics: the artez del rio faily xi, 1824–1867 (at: university of texas press, 1986), 149, 151, 162; gonzáles, galvarriato, and willialobalization,” 41 the nuber for dia refers to the year 1887

45 j thon, a distctive dtrialization , 204; daniel, “entrepreneurship and the rsian textile dtry,” 8; w loch der bautav fischer, 1906), 17; hans-werner hahn, die dtrielle revotion deutschnd (, 1998), 27 for a survey on the ipact of states on european dtrialization see barry supple, “the state and the dtrial revotion, 1700–1914,” carlo cipol, ed, the fontana enoow: lls, 1977), 301–57

46 j thon, a distctive dtrialization , 270; jordi nadal, “spa, 1830–1914,” carlo cipol, ed, the fontana enoic history of europe , vol 4, part 2, 607; sate panion to the history of textile workers , 453

47 tho,” 711–17

48 thon, a distctive dtrialization , 274–75, 299 1793年，西班牙生产者使用的原棉量是英国的1606，到1808年，这一比例下降到6 - 725，到1816年下降到22; jas cyburn force jr, the developnt of the spanish textile dtry, 1750–1800 (berkeley: university of california press, 1965), 16; jordi nadal, “spa, 1830–1914,” cipol, the fontana enoic history of europe , vol 4, part 2, 608

49 edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london: h fisher, r fisher, and p jackn, 1835), 525; wilh, “calonne’s ‘new deal,’” journal of odern history 11, no 3 (1939): 289–312; fran&231;ois-joseph ruggiu, “dia and the reshapg of the french lonial policy, 1759–1789,” iterario 35, no 2 (augt 2011): 25–43; alfons van der kraan, “the birth of the dutch tton dtry, 1830–1840,” dougs a farnie and david j jereed the world: the tton dtry ternational perspective, 1600–1990s (oxford: oxford university press, 2004), 285; jan iten van zanden and arthur van riel, the strictures of heritance: the dutch enoy the neteenth century (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 2004), 39–40; okyr, dtry 32, 103, 105, 107, 108

50 okyr, dtry , 31, 34–35; dhont and bruwier, “the low untries, 1700–1914,” 358–59

51 bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 290, 344–46; bowrg, bericht an das englische parnt , 4 tanner, “the tton dtry of eastern switzernd,” 150 德意志地区棉花工业在很大程度上也以类似的方式依赖其出口能力，特别是对北美的出口能力; dehn, the reran wool and tton dtry fro the sixteenth to the entieth century,” van voss et al, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 208

52 lobalization historical perspective: european spsters the ternational textile dtry, 1750–1900,” journal of won’s history 15, no 4 (ter 2004): 48

53 chapan, the tton dtry , 22; c h lee, “the tton textile dtry,” roy church, ed, the dynaics of victorian bess: problee allen & un, 1980), 161; adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds , 153; dunha, “the developnt of the tton dtry,” 288; richard leslie hills, power froe (new york: cae university press, 1989), 117 these nubers are notorioly aurate and are jt approxiations chapan, the tton dtry , 29; anthony howe, the tton asters, 1830–1860 (new york: crendon press, 1984), 6; the thirty-fifth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester, for the year 1855 (anchester: jas lls, 1856), 15

54 joseph e ikori, africans and the dtrial revotion engnd: a study ternational trade and enoe university press, 2002), 436; p k o’brien and s l enrlorio revotion to the peace of aiens,” barbara low, ed, svery and the rise of the atntic systee university press, 1991), 184, 188; lee, “the tton textile dtry,” 165; rs g sandberg, “ovents the ality of british tton textile exports,” journal of enoic history 28, no 1 (arch 1968): 15–19; roup 8/7/1, anchester archives and library, anchester

55 for this argus of european revotions” (unpublished paper, s of the old world nference, freiburg, 2010), 25

56 afaf tfi al-sayyid e: cayptian textiles and british capital, 1930–1956 (cairo: ayptian textile workers: fro european petition to proletarians ntendg with the state,” van voss et al, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 174

57 tignor, egyptian textiles , 9; yptian enoy , 23–24

58 jean batou, “ypt, 1805–1848: a and enoy the 19th century?,” jean batou, ed, beeen developnt and underdevelopnt: the precio atteeneva: librairie droz, 1991), 187; owen, tton and the egyptian enoy , 44

59 ypt , 171, 181 by 1838, as ypt’s tton spng ent and nsul-neral egypt to john bowrg, cairo, january 18, 1838, as reprted john bowrg, report on egypt and candia (london: her ajesty’s stationery office, 1840), 186; batou, “ypt,” 181, 185, 199; and (1831), 1016

60 ypt , 171; lonel caypt to john bowrg, cairo, january 18, 1838, as reprted bowrg, report on egypt , 35; asiatic journal and n dia, cha, and atralia , new series, 4 (arch 1831): 133

61 asiatic journal and n dia, cha, and atralia , new series, 5 (ister for british and foreign dia, cha, and atralia , new series, 4 (april 1831): 179, otg an article froazette , october 5, 1830

62 rapport à n altesse e du tton, par jules pou, f78, add yptian state papers, 1838–1849, ancript division, british library, london

63 yptian textile workers,” 177

64 batou, “ypt , 3rd ed (nhanor, egyptian textiles , 8; be, “egyptian textile workers,” 178; joel be, “egyptian textile workers: fro european petition to proletarians ntendg with the state” (unpublished paper, textile nference iish, noveber 2004), 6

65 the existence of a vibrant proto-dtry is rightly ephasized john dickn and robert deln, “enterprise under lonialis: a study of pioneer dtrialization brazil, 1700–1830” (workg paper, stitute of t arican studies, university of liverpool, 1991), esp 52; see al hercucno good&227;o no brasil (rio de janeiro: dex editoria, 1988), 67, 83; a and ciparrone od&227;o e s&227;o paulo (s&227;o paulo: editoria perspectiva, 1983), 23; ste, the brazilian tton anufacture , 2, 4, 20–21; roberta of the textile dtry,” van voss et al, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 75, 77, 934; gonzáles, galvarriato, and willialobalization,” 17

66 ste, the brazilian tton anufacture , 15

67 ibid, 7, 13; eune w ridgs jr, “the rchant elite and the develop the epire,” journal of terat 1973): 336, 337, 342–45

68 ste, the brazilian tton s jr, “the rchant elite and the developnt of brazil,” 344

69 w a grahaoods t arica: part 1, cuba, ress pliance with the act of ations of trade nditions abroad (washgton, dc: govern office, 1909), 9

70 即使有一位作者试图证明“南方工业化”重要性，他最终还是提供了这些努力的软弱无力的充分的证据。see eia, 1830–1870 (baton rou: loiana state university press, 2012); broad itchell, the rise of tton ills the uth (baltiore: johns hopks university press, 1921), 21 1831, cloth output the north was seventeen tie as that the sve states see friends of dostic dtry, reports of the ittees of the friends of dostic dtry, assebled at new york, octber 31, 1831 (1831), 9–47 这些工厂与后来的南方工业化之间也存在着根本的不连续性。

71 richard roberts, “west africa and the pondicherry textile dtry,” dian enoic and cial history review 31, no 2 (june 1994): 142–45, 151, 153, 158; tirthankar roy, “the long globalization and textile producers dia,” van voss et al, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 266; dwijendra tripathi, historical roots of dtrial entrepreneurship dia and japan: a parative terpretation (new delhi: anohar, 1997), 104, 105

72 howard f cle, “the spirit of enterprise yucatan,” 138; je onzalez, valdolid: 450 a&241;os de z (valdolid: ataiento de valdolid, 1993), 40; rararia , 35

73 dale w toh the pris of svery (nha, d: rowan & littefield, 2004), 70

74 rosa xe, the auution of capital (new haven, ct: yale university press, 1951), chapter 26

第7章　动员劳动力

1 “fran ees lesenden arbeiters,” transted by er, bertolt brecht: poes, 1913–1956 , (new york and london: thuen, 1976)

2 for the otation, see foruford,” arch 9, 2009, , aessed arch 8, 2013; ellen hootton’s case is docunted hoe of ons parliantary papers, first report of the central board of his to the eploynt of children factories, 1833, xx, di, 103–15 her history has al been beautifully analyzed by dougs a galbi, “through the eyes the stor: aspects of the pernal history of won workers the dtrial revotion,” cial history 21, no 2 (1996): 142–59

3 aurice dobb, studies the developnt of capitalis (new york: ternational publishers, 1964), 272–73

4 reater ie, 1992), 236; stanley d chapan, the early factory asters: the transition to the factory syste the idnds textile dtry (newton abbot, devon, uk: david & charles, 1967), 170

5 leone levi, “on the tton trade and anufacture, as affected by the civil war arica,” journal of the statistical ciety of london 26, no 8 (arch 1863): 26

6 ary b rose, works and bess vaes: the british and ae university press, 2000), 30; gunter kirchha, “das wachstu der deutschen bauwolldtrie i 19 jahrhundert: ee historische ” (phd dissertation, university of ionalen differenzierung der bauen deutschnds, 1846–1907,” hans pohl, ed, werbe und dtriendschaften voart: franz steer, 1986), 293; hans-ulrich wehler, deutsche sellschaftsschichte , vol 2 ( c h beck, 1987), 92; ichel hau, l’dtrialisation de l’alsace, 1803–1939 (strasbourg: asciation des publications près les universités de strasbourg, 1987), 89; jean-fran&231;ois bergier, histoire énoie de suisse (anne: payot, 1984), 192 another urce estiated the nuber of tton workers the united states 1830 as 179,000 see letter fro the secretary of the treasury, cultivation, n trade of tton, arch 4, 1836, doc no 146, treasury departress, 1st session, levi woodbury, woodbury’s tables and notes on the cultivation, ton, dc: prted by bire & rives, 1836), 51 on rsia, see a khroov, ekonoos izd politicheskoi literatury, 1950), 32; dave pretty, “the tton textile dtry rsia and the viet union,” lex heera van voss, els hiestra-kuper, and elise van nederveen ate panion to the history of textile workers, 1650–2000 (burlgton, vt: ashgate, 2010), 425, 428; nedernd 1800–1850 (a 1849 , estiates by elise van nederveen erkerk, rrespondence with the author, october 29, 2013 for spa see anl sate panion to the history of textile workers , 456; ore than 90 percent of spa’s tton dtry was located catalonia j k j thon, a distctive dtrialization: tton barcelona, 1728–1832 (cae university press, 1992), 262

7 see karl ponyi, the great transfors of our ti (boston: bean press, 1957), 72; chapter 6 ponyi writes about nd, bor, and oney as fictitio odities

8 as cited e p tho css (new york: vta, 1966), 190; see al s d chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion (london: ailn, 1972), 53

9 charles tilly, “did the cake of cto break?” john rrian, ed, nscioness and css experience neteenth-century europe (new york: holen weber, peasants to frenchn: the odernization of rural france, 1870–1914 (stanford, ca: stanford university press, 1976)

10 robert j stefeld, ercion, ntract, and free bor the neteenth century (cae university press, 2001), 20

11 ibid, 47, 74–75, 317; “setzesalichen presischen staaten, 1845,” as cited ibid, 245

12 arta vicente, “artisans and work a barcelona tton factory, 1770–1816,” ternational review of cial history 45 (2000): 3, 4, 12, 13, 18

13 e pany, 1823–4 (dover, nh), dover-che llection, baker library, harvard bess school, cae, a

14 benjaony of odernization: bor and dtrialization spa (ithaca, ny: ilr press, 1990), 21; der chenitzer be s&228;chsischen bauwollspnerei von 1789–1879 (phd dissertation, university of heidelberg, 1914), 21; walter bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft ie (zurich: verg berichtha, 1960), 220, 224, 227; l dunha, “the developlo-french treaty of rce of 1860,” enoic history review 1, no 2 (january 1928): 286; robert lévy, histoire énoie de l’dtrie tonnière en alsace (paris: f alcan, 1912), 1ff; david allen harvey, nstructg css and nationality alsace, 1830–1945 (dekalb: northern illois university press, 2001), 56; thon, a distctive dtrialization , 259

15 robert ration of global textile workers,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 662, 665; g bischoff, “guebwiller vers 1830: vie énoie et ciale d’une petite ville dtrielle à f de restauration,” annuaire de ciété d’histoire des régions de thann–guebwiller 7 (1965–1967): 64–74; elise van nederveen erkerk et al, “the hernds,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 383; joel okyr, dtrialization the low untries, 1795–1850 (new haven, ct: yale university press, 1976), 38

16 bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 295, 298; deln, “hoe t our workers?” 652–53, 666–67; erik a al&228;ndischer fachkr&228;fte fur die wirtschaft rsnds vo 15 bis s 19 jahrhundert (wiesbaden: otto harraswitz, 1968), 147

17 of the s of the roup 8, box 2/1, archives of the anchester chaber of ary saxonhoe and gav wright, “o forary saxonhoe and gav wright, eds, technie, spirit and for of the reenwich, ct: jai press, 1984), 7; robert f dalzell, enterprisg elite: the boston asciates and the world they e, a: harvard university press, 1987), 33

18 for the r pany see payroll aount books, 1823–1824, dover pany, dover, new ha pany papers, baker library, harvard bess school, cas of the arican textile dtry, 1790–1860 (ithaca, ny: rnell university press, 1984), 139

19 carolyn tuttle and sie, “the role of child bor dtrialization” (presentation, enoic history sear, harvard university, april 2004), 21, 49; onnel & kennedy papers, ck/4/51, john rynds library, anchester

20 terry wyke, “arry bank svery, aessed july 21, 2012, ; s of arry bank ill: the rise and decle of a fae university press, 1986), 28, 31, 109–10; e un, sahts: the dtrial revotion at stockport and arple (anchester: h review, or critical journal 61, no 124 (july 1835): 464

21 tuttle and weg, “the role of child bor dtrialization,” table 1a, table 2, table 3a; rhard adelewerbe nordwestdeutschnds und der westlichen nachbarl&228;nder bei von der vordtriellen zur fruhdtriellen zeit, 1750–1815 (stuttgart: franz steer verg, 2001), 96; v konoov et al, istoriia otechestvennoi tekstil’noi propro der cheutiérrez, ercio libre o funesta teoria de libertad eno uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb (xiko) i 19 jahrhundert” (phd dissertation, university of bonn, 1977), 279, 281; “rapport de ée d’exaer estion retive à l’eploi des enfants dans les fitures de ton,” bullet de ciété dtrielle de css and nationality alsace , 54; arjatta rahikaen, centuries of child bour: european experiences fro the seventeenth to the entieth century (haate 2004), 133

22 , “what difference did won’s work ake to the dtrial revotion?” palish experience, 1650–1914 (london: arnold, 1998), 154, 158; lobalization historical perspective: european spsters the ternational textile dtry, 1750–1900,” journal of won’s history 15, no 4 (ter 2004): 56; payroll aount books, 1823–1824, dover pany, dover, new ha pany papers, baker library, harvard bess school, caender and the global textile dtry,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 705

23 hunter and lobal textile dtry,” 705; lobalization historical perspective,” 51, 54; willia rathbone vi to willia rathbone v, baltiore, ay 13, 1841, box ix353–82, rp, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool; willia rathbone vi to willia rathbone v, boston, june 18, 1841, ibid

24 hunter and lobal textile dtry,” 710, 715; berg, “what difference did won’s work ake to the dtrial revotion?” 154, 158, 168

25 lobalization historical perspective,” 55; kenh poranz, “tton textiles, division of bor and the enoic and cial nditions of won: a prelilobal enooldstone, “nder, work, and culture: why the dtrial revotion caical perspectives 39, no 1 (sprg 1996): 1–21; philip c c huang, the peasant fazi delta, 1350–1988 (stanford, ca: stanford university press, 1990), 91 and 110ff

26 j dhondt, “the tton dtry at ghent durg the french regi,” f crouzet, w h chaloner, and w stern, eds, essays european enoic history, 1789–1914 (london: edward arnold, 1969), 21; walce daniel, “entrepreneurship and the rsian textile dtry: froreat,” rsian review 54 (january 1995): 7; i d eneral assebly, jot ittee on the penitentiary, testiisture of arynd, on the penitentiary (annapolis, 1837), 31; rebea clennan, the crisis of i of the ae university press, 2008), 66; dave pretty, “the tton textile dtry rsia and the viet union” (presentation, textile nference, ternational stitute of cial history, aavl, iz istorii rossiiskogo predpriatel’stva: dastiia knopov: nauchno-analiticheskii obzor ( uller, “die textildtrie des rauer, “standortschichte der deutschen bau, 1911); andrea ko onarchy and its suesr states,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 57

27 deln, “hoe t our workers?” 657–58, 660; “ our untry” cited stanley j ste, the brazilian tton anufacture: textile enterprise an underdeveloped area, 1850–1950 (cae, a: harvard university press, 1957), 51; jacele jones, bor of love, bor of rrow: bck won, work, and the faily fro svery to the present (new york: basic books, 1985), 30–31

28 deln, “hoe t our workers?” 655; aleksei viktorovich koval’chuk, anufakturnaia proyshlennost’ oskvy vo vtoroi polove xviii veka: tekstil’noe proizvodstvo (eneral story of disciplg workers to factory bor is told ost powerfully by e p thopn, “ti, work-disciple and dtrial capitalis,” past and present 38 (1967): 56–97; tiroup , box 12/16, john rynds library, anchester; chapan, the tton dtry the dtrial revotion , 56

29 dietrich ebelg et al, die deutsche woll- und bauwolldtrie presented at the ternational textile history nference, nove css and nationality alsace , 59; anl sith et al, “spa,” 460; van nederveen erkerk et al, “the hernds,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 385; see al the brilliant article by s of ent,” bor history 51 (noveber 2010): 509–22

30 ebelg et al, “the ran wool and tton dtry fro the sixteenth to the entieth century,” 227; j norris to robert peel, secretary of state, april 28, 1826, anchester, public rerd office, ho office, troduction of power loo a hand bill addressed to the tton spners of anchester, 1826, ay 6, ho 44/16, national archives of the uk, kew; paul huck, “fant the dtrial revotion,” journal of enoic history 55, no 3 (septeraha debate: new estiates of the expectation of life at birth neteenth-century british cities,” enoic history review , new series, 51, no 1 (february 1998): 84–112; hans-joachiest years: new estind, 1760–1830,” journal of enoic history 61, no 4 (deces of 24 april 1822, 30 january 1823, 23 april 1825, proceedgs of the roup 8/2/1, anchester archives and local studies, nd, on the state of education, and on the ndition of the producg csses europe and ae h evans, 1833), 11

31 jeff horn, the path not taken: french dtrialization the a of revotion, 1750–1830 (cae, a: it press, 2006), 107, 109–10, 116, 120

32 h a turner, trade union growth structure and policy: a parative study of the tton unions (london: e allen & un, 1962), 385–86; andrew charlesworth et al, ats of dtrial protest brita, 1750–1985 (basgstoke: ailn, 1996), 42–46

33 howard f cle, “the aurora yucateca and the spirit of enterprise yucatan, 1821–1847,” hispanic arican historical review 27, no 1 (1947): 30; und fabrikarbeiterschaft eettal) 1750–1910,” karl ditt and sidney polrd, eds, von der hei und arbeiterschaft leen- und bauionen westeuropas w&228;hrend des 18 und 19 jahrhunderts (paderborn: f sch&246;ngh, 1992), 410, 428ff; bod der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft , 295–96; van nederveen erkerk et al, “the hernds,” 386

34 john holt, neral view of the agriculture of the unty of ncashire (dubl: john archer, 1795), 208

35 tho css ; horn, the path not taken , 91, 95, 97–98 france, one thoand out of enty-five thoand water fras were destroyed; john brown, a oir of robert ble, an orphan boy; sent froe to endure the horrors of a tton-h his fancy and youth, with a the first oir of the kd published (anchester: prted for and published by j doherty, 1832), 2

36 turner, trade union growth structure and policy , 382–85; w foster to robert peel, july 13, 1826, anchester, ho office, troduction of power loo a hand bill addressed to the tton spners of anchester, 1826, ay 6, ho 44/16, national archives of the uk, kew; aaron brenner et al, eds, the encyclopedia of strikes arican history (aronk, ny: ndscapes of css, culture, nder, race and protest the arican northeast and uth,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 536; anl sith et al, “spa,” 457; edward shorter and charles tilly, strikes france, 1830–1968 (new york: cahtan, “nder and the global textile dtry,” 721

37 stefeld, ercion, ntract, and free bor , 245, 319

第8章　棉花全球化

1 beibtt zu no 6 of the neue bre , january 6, 1850, 1

2 henry s young, bygone liverpool: ilstrated by nety-seven ptes reproduced fros, , 1913), 36; jas stonehoe, pictorial liverpool: its annals, hts, excursions, &c &c: a new and plete hand-book for resident, visitor and tourist (engnd: h cey, 1844?), 143 1821, 3,381 ships arrived the port the picture of liverpool, or, stranr’s guide (liverpool: tho-css activities, see harold r hiks, buildg the union: studies on the growth of the workers’ ovent, rseyside, 1756–1967 (liverpool: touloe press for liverpool trades uncil, 1973)

3 grae j ilne, trade and traders of a world port (liverpool: liverpool university press, 2000), 29; capta jas brown to jaroup 387 d, letter book of capta ja rerds of the brown faily, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; capta jas brown to jas croft, new orleans, october 18, 1844, ibid; capta jas brown to jas croft, new orleans, arch 16, 1844, ibid

4 tho a history of the liverpool tton arket and of the liverpool tton brokers’ asciation (london: effgha wiln, 1886), 168–70, 172; sahton, 1902), 16; henry sithers, liverpool, its rce, statistics, and stitutions: with a history of the tton trade (liverpool: thouide to liverpool (london: w kent and , 1855), 212

5 the art on pa 202 is froress (rasp ser c, pt 2, reel 3) thanks to san o’donovan for this urce

6 vcent nolte, fifty years both heispheres or, reiscences of the life of a forr rchant (new york: redfield, 1854), 278; de bow’s review 12 (february 1852): 123; aze and rcial review 15 (1846): 537

7 john r killic 认为相对于棉花种植史，棉花的国际贸易方面几乎完全被无视 john r killick, “the tton operations of alexander brown and ns the deep uth, 1820–1860,” journal of uthern history 43 (ay 1977): 169

8 see rob pearn and david richardn, “works, stitutional novation and atntic trade before 1800,” bess history 50, no 6 (noveber 2008): 765; annual profit and loss aounts of john tarleton, 920 tar, box 2, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; annual profit and loss aounts of ssrs tarleton and backhoe, 920 tar, box 5, ibid; earle llection, d/earle/5/9, rseyside ariti eu, liverpool; ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 48

9 edward ror john owen, tton and the egyptian enoy, 1820–1914: a study trade and developnt (oxford: crendon press, 1969), 34, 90; j forbes royle, on the culture and rce of tton dia and elsewhere: with an aount of the experints ade by the hon east dia pany up to the present tireat brita board of trade, statistical abstract for the united kgdo , 1856–1870, 18th no (london: her oy, le peuple du havre et n histoire: du négoce à l’dtrie, 1800–1914, le cadre de vie (sat-etienne du rouvray: edip, 1982), 256; ellin, the tton trade of great brita , appendix: table 2; 350,448 pounds is nverted fro to elizabeth boody schulish overseas trade statistics, 1697–1808 (oxford: crendon press, 1968), 34 al, to cite another exaple, the iport of british-anufactured yarn and cloth to calcutta creased by a factor of four the seventeen years after 1834 see ioods, ist and yarn calcutta 1833/34 to 1850/51, ss eur f 78/44, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; werner baer, the brazilian enoer, 2001), 17; patrick verley, “exportations et croissance énoie dans france des années 1860,” annales 43 (1988): 80; leone levi, “on the tton trade and anufacture, as affected by the civil war arica,” journal of the statistical ciety of london 26, no 8 (arch 1863): 32; stanley chapan, rchant enterprise brita: froe: cas a ir, “exports of selected odities: 1790–1989,” table ee569–589, san b carter et al, eds, historical statistics of the united states, earliest tie university press, 2006); dougs a ir, “exports and iold, and silver: 1790–2002,” table ee362–375, carter et al, eds, historical statistics of the united states

10 verley, “exportations et croissance énoie dans france des années 1860,” 80

11 stanley duanisation of the tton hteenth century,” enoic journal 33 (septeber 1923): 367; stanley dubell, “the tton arket 1799,” enoic journal (january 1926): 141

12 duanisation of the tton el hall, “the bess terests of liverpool’s tton brokers, c 1800–1914,” northern history 41 (septeence of the liverpool raw tton arket, 1800–1850,” northern history 38 (arch 2001): 74, 75, 77; the liverpool trade review 53 (october 1954), 318–19; francis e hyde, bradbury b parkn, and shei arrer, “the tton broker and the rise of the liverpool tton arket,” enoic history review 8 (1955): 76

13 hall, “the bess terests of liverpool’s tton brokers,” 339–43; ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 124, 150; ellin, the tton trade of great brita , 166–67, 171, 176, 200, 236, 257; hyde et al, “the tton broker and the rise of the liverpool tton reat brita , 175; hall, “the bess terests of liverpool’s tton brokers,” 340

14 daily purchases and sales book, 1814–1815, e holt & , papers of john aiton todd, rerd group d 230:4, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; ellin, the tton trade of great brita , 206

15 ellin, the tton trade of great brita , 206

16 allston hill garside, tton goes to reat dtry (new york: stokes, 1935), 47, 51, 58; dubell, “the tton arket 1799,” 147; jaces peuchet, dictionnaire universel de géographie r&231;ante, ntenant tout ce i a raport à situation et à l’étendue de chae état riculture, et au rce i s’en fait; aux anufactures, pêches, es, et au es, tribunaux et adistrations du rce , vols 1–5 (paris: chez bnchon, 1799); for exaple see separate entries on ben (vol 2, p 800), the united states (vol 4, p 16), and sat vcent (vol 5, pp 726–27) even though harold woodests that standards only ca about after the 1870s, the wake of the creation of tton exchans, such standards have a tton and his retaers: fancg and the tton crop of the uth, 1800–1925 (b: university of uth carola press, 1990), xvii; duence of these categories vario arkets see arthur harrin le, wholesale e, a: harvard university press, 1938), 110–343; the tradesan , vol 2, 182; the lonial journal 3, no 5 (1817): 549; the london aze 1 (1820): 593; see al the i uncertaty: hteenth century,” perry gauci, ed, regutg the british enoate, 2011), 189–90

17 carl johannes fuchs, “die anisation des liverpoolers bauebung, verwaltung und volkswirtschaft i: duncker & hureat brita , 272; stephen ler, statistics on the table: the history of statistical ncepts and e, a: harvard university press, 1999), 364; s, liverpool tton brokers’ asciation, april 3, 1842, rerd 380 t, file 1/1, papers of the liverpool tton asciation, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; s, liverpool tton brokers’ asciation, february 18, 1842, ibid; s, liverpool tton brokers’ asciation, augt 13, 1844, ibid; s, liverpool tton brokers’ asciation, october 23, 1846, ibid 1857, the bo ittee si the unifor nflicts by arbitration the bo ittee is cited l dana, a hundred years of dian tton (bobay: east dia tton asciation, 1947), 63

18 of the arican chaber of rce, liverpool, october 14, 1848, rerd 380 a, vol 2, arican chaber of rce rerds, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; wood tton and his retaers , xvii

19 stanley du of tton futures,” enoanisation des liverpooles bauwollhandels,” 115; hall, “the liverpool tton arket: brita’s first futures e holt & , papers of john aiton todd, rerd group d 230:4, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 114, 260; “list of liverpool tton iporters and brokers,” april 20, 1860, rrespondence sent to barg london by the barg fir barg archives, london; kenh j lipartito, “the new york tton exchan and the developnt of the tton futures 1983): 51; robert be, bourse de rce du havre (paris: recueil sirey, 1939), 3; cudie rehart, “les rehart: une faociants en ton et café au havre, 1856–1963” (phd dissertation, rbonne, 2005), 304; sith, y life-work , 17

20 du of tton futures,” 261

21 d willias, “liverpool rchants and the tton trade, 1820–1850,” j r harris, ed, liverpool and rseyside: essays the enoic and cial history of the port and its hternd (london: frank cass & , 1969), 192

22 hall, “the bess terests of liverpool’s tton brokers,” 339; duanisation of the tton ence of the liverpool raw tton arket,” 69, 71; willias, “liverpool rchants and the tton trade,” 183; universal british directory of trade, rce, and anufacture , vol 3 (london: np, 1790–94), 646; franis vigier, chan and apathy: liverpool and e, a: it press, 1970), 64; chapan, er liverpool: or, an historical and descriptive view of the town of liverpool and its environs (liverpool: t kaye, 1820), 33

23 nil hall, “a ‘aker nfederation’? the great liverpool tton specution of 1825 rensidered,” transactions of the historical ciety of ncashire and cheshire 151 (2002): 2; willias, “liverpool the bess terests of jas stitt, sauel stitt and john j stitt,” folder 1, rerd d/b/115/1–4, stitt brothers papers, rseyside ariti eu, liverpool; killick, “the tton operations of alexander brown,” 171; chapan, rchant enterprise brita , 86

24 willias, “liverpool rchants and the tton trade,” 195; shei arrer, rathbones of liverpool, 1845–1873 (liverpool: liverpool university press, 1961), xi, 14, 228–29 有时候经纪人也会在卖方和买方之间调停; see wood tton and his retaers , 26 for the doctor’s e, see r v jackn, “the structure of pay neteenth-century brita,” enoic history review , new series, 40 (noveber 1987): 563; for the vae of the profits nteporary pounds, see wrence h officer and sauel h willian, “five ways to pute the retive vae of a uk pound at 9, 2012; r g wiln and a l lish untry hoe st to build, 1660–1880?,” enot 1999): 446

25 nolte, fifty years both he alish e, a: harvard university press, 1949), 77, 89

26 philip ziegler, the sixth great power: barg, 1762–1929 (london: lls, 1988), 130, 145; hidy, the hoe of barg , 107, 359, 361

27 ziegler, the sixth great power , 131; hidy, the hoe of barg , 3, 185, 298 for the ote see barg brothers liverpool to francis barg, liverpool, july 21, 1833, hoe rrespondence, rerd group hc3, file 35,1, g barg archive, london for the i tton operations see other letters the sa folder for output per tton pntation worker see david elits, eno of the transatntic sve trade (oxford university press, 1987), 287

28 saerate, 2001), 118; dwig beut, von 3 ballen zu welt franz leuwer, 1934), 11, 16; karl-hez schildknecht, brer bauwollb&246;rse: bren und bauwolle i wandel der zeiten (bren: brer bauwollb&246;rse, 1999), 8, 9; friedrich rauers, breeschichte i 19 jahrhundert (bren: franz leuwer, 1913), 35–39

29 beut, von 3 ballen zu weltarkt , 20; schiffsbuch “albers,” d h w&228;tjen & papers, rerd group 7, 2092, box 19, staatsarchiv bredalena, fro january 1, 1859, to dec 31, 1861, d h w&228;tjen & papers, rerd group 7,2092, box 20, staatsarchiv bren

30 g weulersse, le port du havre (paris: dunod, 1921), 67; legoy, le peuple du havre et n histoire , 217, 255, 257; revue du havre , 1850

31 new york tioy, le peuple du havre et n histoire , 217, 257; rehart, “les rehart,” 26, 39, 41

32 cude alon, jules le cesne: député du havre, 1818–1878 (neray: editions bertout, 1995), 11–12, 15, 24; beut, von 3 ballen zu weltarkt , 21

33 alfred d chandler jr, the visible hand: the e, a: harvard university press, 1977), 29; chapan, rchant enterprise brita , 150; john crosby brown, a hundred years of (new york: privately prted, 1909), 64, 184; circur, brown brothers & pany, october 1825, as reprted brown, a hundred years of , 190; circur by brown brothers, october 31, 1815, as reprted ibid, 191; john killick, “risk, specialization, and profit the rcantile sector of the neteenth century tton trade: alexander brown and ns, 1820–80,” bess history review 16 (january 1974): 13

34 john a kouwenhoven, partners bankg: an historical portrait of a great private bank, brown brothers harriarden city ny: doubleday, 1967), 39, 43, 63, 70; killick, “the tton operations of alexander brown,” 173, 176–77, 179–80, 185; brown, a hundred years of , 255; chandler, the visible hand , 29; ti schenk, “bess is ternational: the rise of the hoe of brown, 1800–1866” (ba thesis, bia university, 1997), 30; killick, “risk, specialization, and profit,” 15 that 400,000 figure eals about 83 es the 1830s are fro stt derks and tony sith, the vae of a dolr: lonial era to the civil war, 1600–1865 (, 2005)

35 killick, “the tton operations of alexander brown,” 183; sven beckert, the onied tropolis: new york city and the nlidation of the ae university press, 2001), 271

36 philip ichael, “svery capitalis: the rise and deise of the us ante-bel tton culture,” theory and ciety 20 (june 1991): 325–28; w nott & , new orleans, nove, hoe rrespondence, hcv 5717, g barg archive, london see al w nott to thot 25, 1830, ibid; w nott to thot 25, 1830, ibid

37 woodreat power , 76, 150 forstall was al the prcipal supporter of the journal the utherner e j forstall to barg brothers london, new orleans, february 19, 1848, hoe rrespondence, hc 5, 75, g barg archive, london; hidy, the hoe of barg , 95–96; president of the nlidated asciation of pnters, april 7, 1829, new orleans to brothers and pany, hoe rrespondence, hcv 5717, g barg archive, london; ed brothers london, liverpool, july 29, 1830, hoe rrespondence, hc 5, 75, g barg archive, london

38 wood tton and his retaers , 8, 12, 13, 30; chandler, the visible hand , 21; joseph holt graha, the uth-west: by a yankee , vol 2 (new york: harper & brothers 1835), 91