注释（2/2）

39 wood tton and his retaers , 34, 41, 53, 160; chandler, the visible hand , 23

40 sith, y life-work , 25; killick, “the tton operations of alexander brown,” 176; jerrell h shofner, daniel dd: aesville: university presses of florida, 1978), 2, 24, 35, 38, 44, 45, 53, 91, 88

41 salorob, terthur, july 3, 1851, py book, letters, vol 1, volkart archive, terthur, switzernd; rerd group 920 tar, file 4, letters, tarleton papers, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; ilne, trade and traders oy, le peuple du havre et n histoire , 228; weulersse, le port du havre , 86

42 killick, “the tton operations of alexander brown,” 186; schenk, “bess is ternational,” 31

43 of the at 9, 1843, rerd 380 a, vol 2, arican chaber of rce rerds, liverpool rerds office, liverpool

44 ibid; bonnie hbor capitalis of sves,” sven beckert and seth rockan, eds, svery’s capitalis: a new history of arican enoic developnt (phidelphia: university of pennsylvania press, forthg)

45 ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 116; chapan, rchant enterprise brita , 101; ha v robn, new york, arch 8, 1820, hal and van vechten papers, ancript division, new york public library, new york

46 es the export unity, 1850–1880,” clive dewey and k n chaudhuri, eds, enoy and ciety: essays dian enoic and cial history (new york: oxford university press, 1979), 163–64; jonathan duncan to earl of worrgton, bobay, arch 22, 1800, ho iscelneo, vol 471, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; letter to the agricultural horticultural ciety of bobay, as oted dana, a hundred years of dian tton , 33; dana, a hundred years of dian tton , 32

47 “report on the private trade beeen europe, aeneral real roup p/174, vol 13, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; “report of overnor neral fro the board of trade, 1789, ho isc, vol 393, oriental and dia office llections, british library; “s, april 15, 1800,” s at bobay castle fro april 15, 1800, to 31st deceroup p/414, vol 66, oriental and dia office llections, british library; b k karanjia, give a bobay rchant-anyti: the life of sir jasetjee jejeebhoy, bt, 1783, 1859 (ubai: university of ubai, 1998); list of bers, report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1861–62 (bobay: chesn & woodhall, 1862), 10–12; report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1846–47 (bobay: arican ission press, 1847), 7

48 walter r cassel, tton: an aount of its culture the bobay presidency (bobay: bobay education ciety’s press, 1862), 289, 292; christof dejung, “erke iebruder volkart, 1851–1930” (unpublished paper, author’s possession), 5; john richards to barg brothers london, bobay, october 24, 1832, hoe rrespondence, hc 63, dia and dian ocean, vol 5, g barg archive, london

49 h v bowen, “british exports of raw tton frohteenth and early neteenth centuries,” giio riello and tirthankar roy, eds, how dia clothed the world: the world of uth asian textiles, 1500–1850 (boston: brill, 2009), 130; elena frangakis, “the ottohteenth and early neteenth centuries, 1695–1820,” revue de l’oident uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb (xiko) i 19 jahrhundert” (phd dissertation, university of bonn, 1977), 99–102

50 johannes niederer to saloon volkart, batavia, deceber 20, 1854, typed py py book, letters, vol 1, volkart archive, terthur, switzernd; chapan, ence of the liverpool raw tton arket,” 80; ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 100; alexander brown to willia brown, october 27, 1819, reprted brown, a hundred years of , 68

51 chapan, rchant enterprise brita , 181, 183

52 see letters rpxxiv26, ache pies of willia rathone vi rrespondence arica, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool, liverpool; adan, new york, noveroup rpxxiii31–25, ibid; adan, & , new york, january 11, 1821, rerd group xiii 320, ibid; willia rathbone vi to williaroup rpix353–82, ibid; willia rathbone vi to williaroup rpix353–82, ibid; ache pies of williaroup rpxxiv26, ibid; willia rathbone vi to roup rpxxiv24, ibid; willia rathbone vi to roup rpxxiv24, ibid

53 hidy, the hoe of barg , 95, 174; hoe rrespondence, hc335,1, g barg archive, london; ziegler, the sixth great power , 144; alon, jules le cesne , 17–18; willia rathbone to williaroup rpix41–22, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool, liverpool; adan, & , septeroup rpxxiii31–15, ibid; willia rathbone vi to roup rpxxiv24, ibid; adan, & , new york, january 10, 1821, rerd group xiii 318, ibid

54 ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 154–55

55 , july 14, 1841, phelps, dod papers, box 4, folder july 1841, new york public library, ancripts and archives division, new york

56 s brothers, calcutta, augt 7, 1846, hoe rrespondence, rerd group hc 6, file 3, g barg archive, london; shofner, daniel dd , 37; nolte, fifty years both heispheres , 275 see al one of nolte’s circurs, for exaple dated new orleans, arch 23, 1839, brown faily bess rerds, b 40 f5, john carter brown library, providence, rhode isnd thanks to seth rock this docunt to y attention

57 shofner, daniel dd , 37; on the neral estion of how agricultural statistics ca see nrad taeuber, “ternationally parable statistics on food and agriculture,” ilbank orial fund arterly 27 (july 1949): 299–313; see al lettres des des etc de 1844/45 écrites par f c dollf, à jean dollf président du ité pour l’export des tiss ipriés d’alsace, no call nuber, archives du ée de l’ipression sur étoffes, ulhoe, france

58 see for exaple saple books, vol 1247 (1825) and 1239 (1819), archives du ée de l’ipression sur étoffes, ulhoe, france

59 willia rathbone vi to roup rpxxiv24, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool, liverpool

60 british packet and arnte news , augt 4, 1826, and thereafter, national library of arnta, buenos aires; rehart, “les rehart,” 27; breaze and aze and rcial review 14 (april 1846): 380

61 asiatic journal and onthly iscelny , third series, 2 (london: w h allen & , 1844), 148, 156

62 carl johannes fuchs, “die anisation des liverpoolers bauesetzbung, verwaltung und volkswirtschaft i: duncker & hureat brita , 180–81; s, liverpool tton brokers’ asciation, january 28, 1842, rerd 380 t, file 1/1, papers of the liverpool tton asciation, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; r robn, “raw tton statistics,” rporated statistician: the journal of the asciation of roporated statisticians 5 (april 1955): 191; andré rvisier, histoire du havre et de l’estuaire de see (touloe: privat, 1983), 164; eune w ridgs, “bess asciationalisence of a bess elite neteenth-century brazil,” bess history review 63 (ter 1989): 766–67; list of bers, report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1861–62 (bobay: chesn & woodhall, 1862), 10–12 for a detailed history of the political activities of anchester n trade, 1794–1858 , vol 1 (anchester: anchester university press, 1934)

63 trt as a re prereisite for the eence of arkets, and th the dependence of enerated the hoff, “vertrauen als &214;konoeschichte seer privairtschaflichen produktion,” karl-peter ellerbrook and cleeschichte vor der heraforderung durch die new stitutional enoesellschaft fur westf&228;lische wirtschaftsschichte, 2004), 58–71; ional bess works,” john f wiln and andrew popp, eds, dtrial csters and regional bess works engnd, 1750–1970 (aldershot, uk: ashgate, 2003), 28; olivier pétré-grenouilleau, “les négoces atntie fran&231;ais: anatoie d’ un capitaliseoffrey jones, “eoffrey jones, ed, the e, 1998), 5 for an iportant case study of boston’s perks faily see rachel van, “free trade and faily vaes: free trade and the developnt of arican capitalis the 19th century” (phd dissertation, bia university, 2011)

64 edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london: h fisher, r fisher, and p jackn, 1835), 319; ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 151

65 willia rathbone vi to williaroup rpix353–82, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool, liverpool; adan & , new york, january 9, 1821, rerd group xxiii 3/19, ibid; adan, & , new york, january 2, 1821, rerd group xiii 317, ibid; j anderegg, “volkart brothers, 1851–1976” (unpublished ancript, volkart brothers archives, terthur, switzernd), vol 1, 42; saloon volkart to “freund heitz,” terthur, february 3, 1851, py book, letters, vol 1, ibid; john richards to barg brothers london, bobay october 24, 1832, hoe rrespondence, hc 63, dia and dian ocean, vol 5, g barg archive, london

66 willia rathbone iv to joseph reynolds rathbone, june 25, 1805, rerd group rp iv1112–151, rathbone papers, university of liverpool, special llections and archives, liverpool; williareenbank, deceroup rp iv1112–151, ibid; brown, a hundred years of , 262, 265; ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 152; rehart, “les rehart,” 27, 30

67 leoni calvoressi, “the hoe of ralli brothers,” handwritten uildhall library, london

68 see ralli brothers liited (np: np, 1951), ralli papers, historical uildhall library, london on the rallis see al chapan, rchant enterprise brita , 155

69 ressat kasaba, the ottoan epire and the world enoy: the neteenth century (albany: state university of new york press, 1988), 21; alexander kitroeff, the greeks egypt, 1919–1937 (london: ithaca press, 1989), 1, 76, 82, 88; christos hadziiossif, “ lonie grece en égypte, 1833–1856” (phd dissertation, rbonne, 1980), 118, 119

70 john foster, “the jewish entrepreneur and the faily,” konrad kwiet, ed, fro the eancipation to the holocat: essays on jewish literature and history central europe (kensgton: university of new uth wales, 1987), 25; bill willia of anchester jewry, 1740–1875 (anchester: anchester university press, 1976), 17–19, 22, 34; thoas fowell buxton reunts a story told to hi by nathan rothschild a letter to iss buxton, february 14, 1834, reprted charles buxton, ed, oirs of sir thoas fowell buxton (london: john lish rothschilds: n rothschild as a textile on, the hoe of rothschild: , 1999), 53; alexander dietz, frankfurter handelsschichte (gsshutten: verg detlev auverann, 1970), 330–34

71 anderegg, “volkart brothers, 1851–1976,” vol 1, 23; walter h rat, and hans r volkart, volkart: the history of a world tradg pany (frankfurt: sel verg, 1991), 41, 69, 72; on this pot, see the excellent work by christof dejung, for exasforebrueder volkart, ” hart sydow, eds, unternehanisationsforart: kohlhar, 2007), 71–96

72 e rathbone to williaroup rpix41–22, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool, liverpool; rehart, “les rehart,” 43; weulersse, le port du havre , 88

73 sith, y life-work , 16

74 see al charles tilly, ercion, capital, and european states, ad 990–1990 (cae, a: basil bckwell, 1990)

75 ilne, trade and traders id-victorian liverpool , 66, 82; chapan, rchant enterprise brita , 103; bre of the arican chaber of rce, liverpool, october 29, 1824, rerd 380 a, vol 1, arican chaber of rce rerds, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; dana, a hundred years of dian tton , 31, 39; woodoy, le peuple du havre et n histoire , 226; daniel lord jr, “popur prciples retg to the w of ancy,” hunt’s aze 1, no 4 (october 1839): 338

76 lord, “popur prciples retg to the w of ancy,” 338

77 dana, a hundred years of dian tton , 43–46; report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1850–51 (botav scholler and werner bart said as eoffrey ot history: the proble of historical specificity cial science (new york: routled, 2001), as did john a hobn, the cial proble: life and work (new york: j pott and pany, 1902), 144; see al dougss north, “e of karl ponyi,” journal of european enoued that the state does not tervene the arket, but nstitutes it; see “troduction: the ebeddedness of enoic arkets enoics,” ichel callon, ed, the ws of the ical review, 1998), 40

78 arthur redford, n trade, 1850–1939 , vol 2 (anchester: anchester university press, 1956), 3–11; s of the roup 8, box 2/1, anchester archives and local studies, of february, 27, 1822, ibid; of april 24, 1822, ibid; fifth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures, anchester, for the year 1825 (anchester: robn and bent, 1825), 8; tenth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures, anchester, for the year 1830 (anchester: robn and bent, 1831), 4; fifteenth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures, anchester, for the year 1835 (anchester: henry sith, 1836), 1; the thirty-sixth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester, for the year 1856 (oy, le peuple du havre et n histoire , 226; john benjat 1913, john benjaroup s q, box 9232s 33, anchester archives and local studies, anchester

79 t 19, 1794, papers of the ciety of roup 8, box 1/1, anchester archives and local studies, anchester; py of the utes of the deputation fro the anchester of roup s f, box 9322s338, of s of the roup 8, box 2/1, anchester archives and local studies; fifth annual report of the board of directors …for the year 1825 , 5, 22 see al seventh annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures, anchester, for the year 1827 (hth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures, anchester, for the year 1828 (s of the roup 8, box 2/1, anchester archives and local studies

80 of the ciety of rchants, february 27, 1794, papers of the ciety of roup 8, box 1/1, anchester archives and local studies, of the ciety of hth annual report of the board of directors …for the year 1828 , 4; address, london arch 5, 1803, scrapbook of williaroup rp417, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool, liverpool

81 report of the proceedg of the board of directors of the anchester chaber of rce fro the ti of its stitution the year 1820 to the end of 1821 (anchester: c wheeler and n, 1821), 6, 9; nth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures, anchester, for the year 1829 (anchester: robn and bent, 1830), 5; the thirty-nth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester, for the year 1859 (anchester: cave and sever, 1860), 19, 35; 关于经济思想会影响经济这一点比较相近的叙述, see ichel callon, “troduction: the ebeddedness of enoic arkets enoics,” callon, ed, the ws of the arkets , 2

82 brothers london, bobay, septe archive, london; brothers london, bobay, rece en egypte,” 113; ahd abdel-rahiypt after 1840,” peter ypt: historical studies fro the ottoan nest to the united arab republic (london: oxford university press, 1968), 291, 293, 296; kenh cuno, the pasha’s peasants: nd, ciety, and enoe university press, 1992), 125; owen, tton and the egyptian enoy , 37, 57, 65–66, 67, 77; vicziany, “boes the export unity,” 168, 170

83 this has been very well argued for the italian case see enri dal go, agrarian elites: arican sveholders and uthern italian ndowners, 1815–1861 (baton rou: louisiana state university press, 2005)

84 beckert, the onied tropolis , 26

85 john r killick, “atntic and far eastern odels the tton trade, 1818–1980,” university of leeds school of bess and enoic studies, discsion paper series, june 1994, 1, 16; killick, “the tton operations of alexander brown,” 189, 191

86 eune w ridgs jr, “the rchant elite and the develop the epire,” journal of terat 1973): 336, 348; stanley j ste, the brazilian tton anufacture: textile enterprise an underdeveloped area, 1850–1950 (cae, a: harvard university press, 1957), 6 the unieness of the united states this regard is often overlooked, but eood effect by rob ehorn, “svery,” enterprise and ciety 9 (septeber 2008): 498

第9章　一场震荡世界的战争

1 本章取材自 sven beckert, “e the eb of tton production the a of the arican civil war,” arican historical review 109 (dec 2004), 1405–38 j b sith (stockport) hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 167, june 19, 1862 (london: rneli buck, 1862), 754; élisée recs, “le ton et crise aéricae,” revue des deux lobal popution estiate is for the year 1850 and fro part 1, popution division, departnt of enoic and cial affairs, united nations secretariat, the world at six billion (new york, 1999), 5, aessed february 14, 2013, ; dwijendra tripathi, “a shot fro afar: dia and the faire of nfederate diploacy,” dian journal of alish tton dtry and the world arket, 1815–1896 (oxford: crendon press, 1979), 180; aze and aze and rcial review 44, no 6 (june 1861): 676; leone levi, “on the tton trade and anufacture, as affected by the civil war arica,” journal of the statistical ciety of london 26, no 8 (arch 1863): 32; elijah hel the seven years, 1862–1868, as pared with the seven years, 1855–1861; with re 1868,” journal of the statistical ciety of london 32, no 4 (deceber 1869): 429

2 aze and ss c north, the enolewood cliffs, nj: prentice hall, 1961), 40 the vae of all exports of “us rchandise” 1860 was 316 illion, while raw tton exports aounted to 192 illion see us departnt of rce, bureau of the cens, historical statistics of the united states (washgton, dc: govern office, 1975), 885, 899; the enoist , january 19, 1861, 58; k rozhkova, ekonoody xix veka (osw: izd akadeii nauk sssr, 1963), 61; “vliyanie arikanskoi voy na khlopchatobuazhnoe delo v rossii” (the effect of the arican war on the tton bess rsia), oskva 25 (1867), january 25, 1867; kaiserliches statistisches at, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich, erster jahrgang, 1880 (berl: puttkar & uhlbrecht, 1880), 87; us bureau of statistics, treasury departnt, tton erovern office, 1895), 29; the french nubers are for 1859, see cude fohlen, l’dtrie textile au teps du send eately, the developnt of the rsian tton textile dtry the pre-revotionary years, 1861–1913 (ann arbor, i: xerox university icrofils, 1968), 45; on the iav wright, “tton petition and the post-bel revery of the arican uth,” journal of enoht, old uth, new uth: revotions the uthern enoy sce the civil war (new york: basic books, 1986)

3 the enoist , february 2, 1861, 117

4 john greenleaf whittier, “the haschish,” john greenleaf whittier: selected poes , brenda eapple, ed (new york: library of a this poe to y attention

5 heran rivale, lectures on lonization and lonies, delivered before the university of oxford 1839, 1840 & 1841 (london: hu discsion of end: rethkg the tellectual history of free trade iuide 80, no 3–4 (2006): 163–89; see al edward atkn, cheap tton by free bor (boston: a willias & , 1861), 4

6 this pot is al eneral and the particur,” sugata bose, ed, uth asia and world capitalis (new delhi: oxford university press, 1990), 1–13; karl els, aufstand dien (berl: dietz verg, 1978), 270, origally published 1853; recs, “le ton,” 176, 187; frank wrence owsley and harriet chappell owsley, kg tton diplon retions of the nfederate states of ao press, 1959), 19; de bow’s review 30, no 1 (january 1861): 75–76; jas henry haond, “speech on the adission of kansas, under the lepton nstitution, delivered the senate of the united states, arch 4, 1858,” jas henry haond, selections fro the letters and speeches of the hon jas h haond of uth carola (new york: np, 1866), 317

7 leone levi, “on the tton trade and anufacture, as affected by the civil war arica,” journal of the statistical ciety of london 26, no 8 (arch 1863): 37ff; j e horn, crise tonnière et les textiles digènes (paris: dentu, 1863), 10

8 for “treachero foundations” see fifth annual report of the tton supply asciation (anchester: john j sale, 1862), 5; for “not to be safely trted,” see tton supply reporter (ay 15, 1861): 497; see al tton supply reporter (january 2, 1860): 7; john gunn lls, scde & the punjab: the s of dia respect to their vast and unparalleled capabilities of suppntg the sve states of arica the tton lish nation on behalf of its great tton terest, threatened with adeate supplies of the raw aterial (anchester: a irend, 1858), 5; louis reybaud, le ton: n régi, ses problès, n fence en europe (paris: ichel levy frères, 1863), 383; for siir ncerns see “tton cultivation dia,” calcutta review 37, no 73 (septeber 1861): 87; jay sexton, debtor diplon retions the civil war era, 1837–1873 (new york: oxford university press, 2005), 75; westn arterly review: october, 1849–january, 1850 52 (london: e xford, 1852), 214

9 for this argunt see chapters 3 and 4 sven beckert, the onied tropolis: new york city and the nlidation of the ae university press, 2001)

10 oted tis of dia , overnd suary, arch 12, 1863

11 aze and rcial review 44, no 6 (june 1861): 675; for lieber see aze and rcial review 45, no 5 (noveber 1861): 514; allen isaaan and richard roberts, “tton, lonialis, and cial history sub-saharan africa: troduction,” allen isaaan and richard roberts, eds, tton, lonialis, and cial history sub-saharan africa (portsouth, nh: heeann, 1995), 7

12 neil ashcroft, “british trade with the nfederacy and the effectiveness of union the civil war,” ternational journal of , “‘the once proud boast of the englishan’: british neutrality and the civil war blockade” (unpublished paper, assachetts school of w, 2007, author’s possession); on the “tton fa others, willia otto hendern, the ncashire tton fae, 1861–65 (anchester: anchester university press, 1934); jahresbericht der handelsund werbekar chenitz (1865), 6, as oted en zu den a w&228;hrend des sezessionskries 1860–1865 (unster: lit, 1999), 302; atthew b haond, the tton dtry: an essay arican enoic history (new york: ailn, 1897), appendix even the bradford worsted dtry disntued the e of now uch ore expensive tton warp see ration and raw aterial acisition the transatntic worsted trade, 1830–1930,” donna r gabaia and dirk hoerder, eds, nnectg seas and nnected ocean rirations fro the 1830s to the 1930s (boston: brill, 2011), 138–70

13 liverpool rcury , january 14, 1861, 2; liverpool rcury , july 1862; l&246;ffler, presens , 194–255

14 尽管许多文献都强调1861年市场上棉花过剩，但 david g surdha surdha tton: onarch or pretender? the state of the arket for raw tton on the eve of the arican civil war,” enotted n of crisis see for exalish tton , 141–43; an of osw capitalists,” v ya verychev, krupnaya burzhuaziia v porefornnoi rossii: 1861–1900 (osw: izd ysl’, 1974)

15 charles francis adat 25, 1861, worthgton chauncey ford, ed, a cycle of adahton el hall, “the liverpool tton arket and the arican civil war,” northern history 34, no 1 (1998): 154; aze and rcial review 49, no 6 (deceber 1863): 411; for the statistics see tho a history of the liverpool tton arket and of the liverpool tton brokers’ asciation (london: effgha wiln, 1886), appendix, table 1; for the nubers see liverpool rcury , noveber 11, 1861, 3; liverpool rcury , february 22, 1864, 6; on the relief efforts ncashire see john watts, the facts of the tton fae (london: sipk, arshall & , 1866); liverpool rcury , february 22, 1864, 6; anchester chaber of rce, the forty-first annual report of the board of directors for the year 1861 (anchester: cave & server, 1862), 20; john o’neil, diary entry, april 10, 1864, as cited rosald hall, “a poor tton weyver: poverty and the tton fae clitheroe,” cial history 28, no 2 (ay 2003): 243; “e,” received february 23, 1863, vario docu districts durg the arican civil war, ho 45: 7523, ho office, national archives of the uk, kew; “facilities reired for public workers for the ees,” utes of the central executive ittee, ay 25, 1863, ibid

16 see liverpool rcury, arch 25, 1863 , 7; undated report, vario docu districts durg the arican civil war, ho 45: 7523, ho office, national archives of the uk, keilliareen bank, arch 5, 1862, letters of willia rathbone, rpix41–22, rathbone papers, university of liverpool, special llections and archives, liverpool; tis of dia , overnd suary, june 12, 1862, 2; see al tis of dia , overnd suary, septeber 27, 1862, 3, october 17, 1862, 3, october 27, 1862, 2 deed, by far the rst ternational ntributions to the relief of the sufferg of ncashire workers ca fro calcutta and bobay respectively see watts, facts , 164; charles wood to ja, ay 2, 1863, ss eur f 78, lb 13, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; uyane fran&231;aise (epal: alexis cabasse, 1861), 47

17 arthur l dunha, “the developlo-french treaty of rce of 1860,” enoic history review 1, no 2 (january 1928): 292–94; lynn case, ed, french opion on the united states and xi, 1860–1867: extracts froénéraux (new york: d appleton-century pany, 1936), 123–25; thoas a sancton, “the yth of french worker support for the north the arican civil war,” french historical studies 11, no 1 (1979): 59, 66; cude fohlen, “ guerre de sécession et le rce fran-aérica,” revue d’histoire oderne et nteporae 8, no 4 (october–deceber 1961), 259–70; alphonse rdier, crise tonnière dans see-férieur, ses caes et ses effets (rouen, 1864), 8; cude fohlen, l’dtrie textile au teps du send epire (paris: librairie plon, 1956), 257–62; stephen ceen huntley, les rapports de france et nfédération pendant guerre de sécession (touloe: iionale, 1932), 222; athieu, de culture , 1; harold hyan, ed, heard round the world: the ipact abroad of the civil war (new york: alfred a knopf, 1969), 132; on the cial ipact of the crisis france see a s énier, au profit des ouvriers toniers: pétition au sénat sur détresse tonnière (paris: e dentu, 1863)

18 l&246;ffler, presens , 126, 147; ern david fite, cial and dtrial nditions the north durg the civil war (new york: ately, developnt , 47 进口到欧洲的棉花，其中大部分是从美国进口的，已经从将近250万磅下降到不到50万磅。ariya konstantovna rozhkova, ekonoody xix veka (osw: izd-vo akadeii nauk sssr, 1963), 61–62; 据我所知，没有统计数字可以让我们确定美国棉花在这些出口中的确切百分比。然而，当时观察家们都同意，其中大部分来自美国——一个合理的估计是在80到90之间。charles j sundell to willia h seward, stett, ay 15, 1863, despatches fro united states nsuls stett, as oted l&246;ffler, presens , 110

19 john rank, a history of our firilour and and its offshoots and nnections, 1804–1920 (liverpool: henry young & ns, li brothers london, augt 24, 1863, hc 3:35, part 23, hoe rrespondence, barg brothers, g barg archive, london barg brothers & was al the banker of the united states london; see letter of frederick williaton, ress, aze and rcial review 49, no 5 (noveber 1863): 350; liverpool chaber of rce, report of the uncil , 1863 (liverpool: benn and hols, 1863), 18; john d pelzer, “liverpool and the arican civil war,” history today 40, no 3 (1990): 49; hall, “liverpool tton,” 161; sahton, 1902), 34; liverpool rcury , january 6, 1862, 6; lowell daily citizen and news , january 9, 1862

20 ote fro tis of dia , october 6, 1863, 1; see al tis of dia , overnd suary, septeber 8, 1864, 2–3; tiatively on the practice on septeber 29, 1863, 5–6; pelzer, “liverpool,” 52

21 chaber de rce de rouen, délibération de chanie fran&231;aise des tons algériens (rouen: ch-f pierre et cie, 1862), 5, f/80/737, fonds istériels, archives d’outre-r, aix-en-provence, france; pétition à sa ajesté l’eérie , senones, february 13, 1862, ibid; bullet de ciété dtrielle de ulhoe 32 (1862), 347, as oted fohlen, l’dtrie textile , 347–48; the ulhoe chaber of rce even created a eria; see bullet de ciété dtrielle de érie et crise tonnière (lar: ch hoffann, 1864); letter to the editor l’dtriel alsacien , dece to ajesté, l’epereur des fran&231;aise, january 6, 1863, f/80/737, fonds istériels, archives d’outre-r, aix-en-provence, france; p 来自许多其他棉花种植地区的陈情也纷纷上交到皇帝处; pétition à sa ajesté l’eérie, senones, february 13, 1862, f/80/737, fonds istériels, archives d’outre ned by ions of france for evidence on this pressure, see al at the sael-dollf, président de érie, to onsieur le arechal te randon senateur, uerre, ulhoe, april 8, 1862

22 liverpool dstone 收到 e tennyn 夫人的一封信，信中她叙述了一个精心设计的计划，在这个计划中，一个专门设立的基金将向制造商偿还不断上涨的原棉成本，以便他们能够继续雇用工人; see “dstone reted to the tton fadstone papers, british library, london; liverpool rcury , january 22, 1861, 2; willia thayer to willia h seward, london, july 11, 1862, private letter, us nsute, alexandria, despatches froton, dc; l&246;ffler, presens , 111; see hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 171 (london: rneli buck, 1863), 1771–840; hansard’s parliantary debates, third series, vol 165 (london: rneli buck, 1862), 1155–230

23 karl ponyi, the great transfors of our ti (boston: bean press, 1957), 78; henry john teple, lord palrston to john rsell, broadnds, october 6, 1861, box 21, 30/22, lord john rsell papers, national archives of the uk, kew; see the notes and reports, cdg report by unknown author, “le ton à c&244;te oidentale d’afrie,” nd; note on sia, nd; draft article, na, nd, on “ culture du ton à guyana”; all n 56/folder 547, fonds istériels, archives d’outre-r, aix-en-provence, france

24 anchester, forty-first annual report , 21; for evidence of this pressure see al anchester chaber of rce, the forty-third annual report of the board of directors for the year 1863 (s of the anchester chaber of rce, 1858–1867, 8/2/6, archives of the anchester chaber of rce, anchester archives and local studies, anchester; bobay chaber of rce, report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1859–60 (bobay: chesn & woodhall, 1860), xxxiii; for earlier efforts to crease tton production dia see anti-cant, dia v arica: a letter to the chairan of the hon east dia pany, on tton (london: aylott & jones, 1850); john briggs, the tton trade of dia with a ap of dia, loured to dicate the different spots whereon all the varieties of tton which are brought to the british arket have been suessfully cultivated (london: john w parker, 1840); chapan, the tton and rce of dia; the tton trade of dia (london, 1839); thoes of railway ht hon lord wharncliffe, chairreat dian pensu railway pany (london: richard & john e taylor, 1846); john briggs, the tton trade of dia: part i its past and present ndition; part ii its future prospects: with a ap of dia (london: john w parkter, 1840); walter r cassels, tton: an aount of its culture the bobay presidency (bobay: bobay education ciety’s press, 1862), 16–237; the enoist , february 2, 1861, 117

25 potter is oted anchester, forty-first annual report , 21; for evidence of this pressure see al s of the anchester chaber of rce, 1858–1867, 8/2/6, archives of the anchester chaber of rce, anchester archives and local studies, anchester; recs, “le ton,” 202; the british east dies took a full 3083 percent of all piece goods exported frodo 1860; see ellin, tton trade , 64; jaress and present extent (london: frank cass & , 1968), 112; for the ote frolishpore, july 31, 1861, reprted tit 21, 1861, 3; charles wood to sir frere, october 30, 1862, letterbook, july 3 to deceber 31, 1862, ss eur lb 11, f 78, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

26 tton supply reporter (june 15, 1861): 532; arthur w silver, anchester n and dian tton, 1847–1872 (anchester: anchester university press, 1966), 187

27 for an aount of the see liverpool rcury , septeber 20, 1861, 7; see al liverpool e clerk, arch 18, 1861, ss eur f 78, lb 7, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; the cultivation of tton nagpore,” reprted tis of dia , july 30, 1861, 3–4; “tton cultivation dia,” calcutta review 37, no 73 (septeber 1861): 89

28 论印度法律基础设施建设的总体思路, see the ies of capital: w, culture, and overnance te lonial dia (durha, nc: duke university press, 2009); on the ntested history of w lonial situations see the fabulo book by uren benton, w and lonial cultures: legal regie university press, 2002); as to crop liens see charles wood to willia ae, october 9, 1862, letterbook, july 3 to deceber 31, 1862, ss eur lb 11, f 78, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; charles wood to willias of the anchester chaber of rce, septeber 23, 1861, archives of the roup 8, folder 2/6, anchester archives and local studies, penal” see charles wood to w j p grant, ay 9, 1861, ss eur f 78, lb 7, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library; for the efforts by anufacturers see charles wood to willia reeves, arch 18, 1861, letterbook, 18 arch to 25 , october 25, 1862, letterbook, 3 july to 31 deceber 1862, ss eur lb 11, f 78, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library; letter froents to the tton supply asciation, to w greq, esq, secretary to the governnt of dia, june 20, 1861, reprted tirant, ay 9, 1861, ss eur lb 7, f 78, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london on the debates on the passa of a w that ade the adulteration of tton a cri 1863, for exaple on overnd suary, february 12, 1863, 6–7; al tis of dia , overnd sue dian ntract w see anchester chaber of rce, the forty-send annual report of the board of directors for the year 1862 (anchester: cave & server, 1863), 13, 37; see charles wood to willia ae, october 9, 1862, letterbook, july 3 to deceber 31, 1862, ss eur lb 11, f 78, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library; reprt of a retion of the hoazette , to tton cultivation dia, 106, wood papers, ss eur f 78, oriental and dia office llections, british library; of the chaniss are reted well john henry rivett-carnac, any ories of life dia, at ho, and abroad (london: w bckwood and ns, 1910), 165–93; for the debate durg the war beeen overnnt officials see al charles wood to ja, october 25, 1862, ss eur lb 11, f 78, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library; charles wood to willia ae, october 9, 1862, letterbook, july 3 to deceber 31, 1862, ibid; hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 167, june 19, 1862 (london: rneli buck, 1862), 767; anchester, forty-third annual report , 26; anchester, forty-first annual report; liverpool e clerk, arch 18, 1861, ss eur lb 7, arch 18 to ay 25, 1861, f78, oriental and dia office llections, british library; peter harty, “the iperialis of free trade: ncashire, dia, and the tton supply estion, 1861–1865,” journal of british studies 6, no 1 (1966): 75–76; dwijendra tripathi, “opportunis of free trade: ncashire tton fae and dian tton cultivation,” dian enoic and cial history review 4, no 3 (1967): 255–63; liverpool chaber of rce, elfth annual report of the liverpool chaber of rce (liverpool: nen & allett, 1862), 6; l dana, a hundred years of dian tton (bobay: east dia tton asciation, 1947), 46–47; reprt of a retion of the hoazette , to tton cultivation dia, 106, wood papers, ss eur f 78, oriental and dia office llections, british library

29 charles wood to ja, october 25, 1862, ss eur lb 11, f 78, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; tis of dia , overnd suary, january 14, 1864, 3; charles wood to sir charles trevelyan, arch 9, 1863, ss eur f 78, lb 12, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library; anchester, forty-first annual report , 24明确指出了降低关税、增加兰开夏郡商品进口与提供更多原棉之间的联系；它还预计印度将成为英国制造的棉花产品的一个越来越重要的市场，而原棉的出口将支付这些进口的费用。

30 hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 167, june 19, 1862 (london: rneli buck, 1862), 767; on wood’s “petence” see anchester, forty-third annual report , 26; anchester, forty-first annual report; liverpool rcury , septe, january 10, 1863, ss eur 78, lb 12, january 1 to april 27, 1863, wood llection, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; charles wood to viceroy earl canng, february 18, 1861, ss eur f 78, lb 6, wood papers, british library, oriental and dia office llections, british library; charles wood to sir e clerk, arch 18, 1861, lb 7, arch 18 to ay 25, 1861, f 78, ss eur, oriental and dia office llections, british library; peter harty, “the iperialis of free trade: ncashire and the dian tton duties, 1859–1862,” enoic history review 18, no 2 (1965): 75–76; for debate as whole see tripathi, “opportunis,” 255–63

31 the enoist , october 4, 1862, 1093–94

32 harty, “iperialis, 1859–1862,” 333–49; anchester, forty-send annual report , 11, 22; the supertendent is oted tis of dia , february 12, 1863, 3; silver, anchester n , 254

33 us nsute neral calcutta to willia h seward, calcutta, october 28, 1864, despatches of the us nsul calcutta to us secretary of state, national archives, washgton, dc; tis of dia , overnd su nubers of tton exports fro bobay: 1860 dia exported 497,649 bales of tton to europe and 205,161 bales to cha; 1861 it shipped 955,030 bales to europe and only 67,209 to cha see tis of dia , october 3, 1862, 2; harty, “iperialis, 1861–1865,” 92; ann, the tton trade , 103, 112; statistical abstracts for the united kgdo each of the st fifteen years froe e eyre and willia spottiswoode, 1872), 48–49; fohlen, l’dtrie textile , 287, 514

34 对将“腹地”纳入全球经济的重要性以及这一进程的相对“滞后”的强调，见 david dden, “world enoata bose, ed, uth asia and world capitalisister of voices fro the nsute by sundry vessels bound for ports the united states, septeber 1863, s 1040 (eneral, boton dc; on the adjtnt of aches, see letter fro r baker, spector of factories, to the secretary of state for the ho departnt, on the present state of the tton districts, vario docu districts durg the arican civil war, ho 45: 7523, ho office, national archives of the uk, kew; neil charlesworth, peasants and irarian ciety the boe university press, 1985), 135; statistical abstracts for the united kgdoe e eyre and willia spottiswoode, 1872), 48–49; reichsenete fur die bauen , heft 1, 56–58; ann, the tton trade , 103, 112, 132; tis of dia , overnd suary, february 12, 1862, 1; tis of dia , october 3, 1862, 2; harty, “iperialis, 1861–1865,” 287, 514; bobay chaber of rce, report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1863–64 (boan, “dia: brita’s substitute for arican tton, 1861–1865,” journal of uthern history 24, no 4 (1958): 476; see al anchester chaber of rce, the forty-fourth annual report of the board of directors for the year 1864 (anchester: cave & server, 1865), 18; b r itchell, european historical statistics, 1750–1970 (new york: an, “dia’s loss of the british tton arket after 1865,” journal of uthern history 31, no 1 (1965): 40–50; tton supply reporter (april 15, 1861): 473, reprt of article frora, arch 6, 1861

35 aze and rcial review 46, no 2 (february 1862): 166; edward atkn, “the future supply of tton,” north arican review 98, no 203 (april 1864): 481 atkn 没有被确定为作者，但他的作者身份从他与 charles e norton 的通信中可以明确看出来。see n 297, letters, 1861–1864, edward a atkn papers, assachetts historical ciety, boston

36 一位观察家认为，如果没有战争，埃及棉花产量的快速增长将需要半个世纪的时间; see edward yptian tton and the arican civil war,” political science arterly 41, no 4 (1926), 520–45, 522; for the nversion of cantars to pounds see e r j owen, tton and the egyptian enoy (oxford: crendon press, 1969), 89, 382–83; i assud here that one cantar ealed 100 pounds; see atkn, “future supply,” 481

37 estatisticas historicas do brasil: séries en&244;ráficas e ciais de 1550 a 1988 (rio de janeiro: funda&231;&227;o stituto brasileiro de ografia e estatistica, 1990), 346; they were urd on by the anchester chaber of rce and lord rsell hiself; see anchester, forty-first annual report , 8; stanley s ste, the brazilian tton e, e 257 is based on rovernation of british dia and foreign untries and of the astg trade beeen the several presidencies and provces , vol 5 (calcutta: office of supertendent of governovernation of british dia and foreign untries and of the astg trade beeen the several presidencies and provces , vol 9 (calcutta: office of supertendent of govern, 1876); owen, tton , 90; estatisticas historicas do brasil , 346

38 orhan kur, “the tton fa-an, the ottoe university press, 1987), 162, 164, 165, 169; “note of the érie et des lonies,” paris, decenie fran&231;aise des tons alriens” (paris: iistif, 1863), f/80/737, fonds istériels, archives d’outre-érie et des lonies, direction de l’adérie, 2èouverneérie, centre des archives d’outre-ible], paris, july 19, 1859, ibid; alejandro e bun, s dtrias del norte: ntribucion al estudio de una nueva politica enoenta (buenos aires: np, 1922), 209–10; liverpool rcury , noveber 9, 1863, 6; thoas schoonover, “xican tton and the arican civil war,” aricas 30, no 4 (april 1974): 430, 435; willia s bell, an essay on the peruvian tton dtry, 1825–1920 (liverpool: university of liverpool, centre for t arican studies, 1985), 80; liverpool rcury , january 3, 1865, 6; for the iportance of chese raw tton iports see al anchester, forty-fourth annual report , 16; “der bauer stand,” draft article r 1001/8224, bundesarchiv, berl

39 uardian , ay 13, 1861, 4; ay 16, 1861, 3; ay 17, 1861, 4; ay 25, 1861, 5; céleste duval, estion tonnière: france peut s’eparer du leterre, l’europe, ses tributaires: l’afrie est le vrai pays du ton (paris: sn, 1864), 7; eensnd guardian , april 3, 1861, as cited tton supply reporter (july 1, 1861): 554; bun, s dtrias , 209–10; liverpool rcury , noveber 9, 1863, 6, january 3, 1865, 6; anchester, forty-fourth annual report , 16; donna j e aier, “persistence of prelonial patterns of production: tton rond, 1800–1914,” allen f isaaan and richard roberts, eds, tton, lonialis, and cial history sub-saharan africa (portso 1884–1914: ee schichte der deutschen “e a, 1988), 30; o f o (neudao”

40 sales, front of the new york chaaze and rcial review 45, no 1 (july 1861): 83

41 关于这些讨论，见 henry bnthal, “nfederate diploacy, popur notions and ternational realities,” journal of uthern history 32, no 2 (1966): 151–71; carl n degler, one aettysburg, pa: ttysburg lle, 1990); hy tton ; bernarr cresap, “frank l owsley and kg tton diploacy,” abaa review 26, no 4 (1973); charles hubbard, the burden of nfederate diploacy (knoxville: university of tennessee press, 1998); d p crook, diplo the arican civil war (new york: wiley, 1975); howard jones, union peril: the crisis over british tervention the civil war (chapel hill: university of north carola press, 1992); lynn case and warren f spencer, the united states and france: civil war diploacy (phidelphia: university of pennsylvania press, 1970), 79; l&246;ffler, presens ; 关于亲南方邦联的情感，见 liverpool t 12, 1861, 2, septeber 20, 1861, 6, october 8, 1861, 5, october 15, 1861, 5, deceber 18, 1861, 6, april 18, 1862, 6; 关于施加压力要求承认南方邦联政府，见liverpool rcury , july 16, 1862, 5, noveber 19, 1862, 3 for a ntroversial debate on svery see the letters to the editor to the liverpool e 3; liverpool rcury , ay 21, 1863, 7; pelzer, “liverpool,” 46; for aterial support for the nfederacy see py of letter fro thoas haes dudley, us nsute liverpool, to charles francis adaress, washgton, dc; thoas haes dudley to willia h seward, liverpool, septeber 3, 1864, ibid; liverpool rcury , ay 3, 1864, 6 fraser, trenhol & pany, 离开利物浦，为南方邦联筹集资金，建造战舰，参加封锁行动，见 the fraser, trenhol & pany papers, rseyside ariti eu, liverpool; 关于利物浦上任突破北方的封锁和南方邦联代理人做生意，购买棉花，见 letter by w fernie, liverpool, to fraser, trenhol & , b/ft 1/13, fraser, trenhol & pany papers, rseyside ariti eu, liverpool al see liverpool rcury , february 4, 1863, 3; 关于曼彻斯特的情形 see liverpool rcury , ay 23, 1863, 6; october 6, 1863, 6; october 17, 1863, 3; february 1, 1864, 7; 关于工人阶级的支持，见liverpool t 9, 1862, 5 see al orie de schaénéral de lar, april 7, 1862, as cited case, ed, french opion , 258; dunha, “developnt,” 294; 关于棉花在法国民意和官方意见形成上的重要性 case, ed, french opion , 257; rapport de bigorie de schaénéral de lar, july 14, 1862, cited case, ed, french opion , 260; e bckbourn, french newspaper opion on the areenwood press, 1997), 114; donald bellows, “a study of british nservative reaction to the arican civil war,” journal of uthern history 51, no 4 (noveber 1985): 505–26; hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 171 (1863), 1774; the porcupe , noveber 9, 1861, 61; 更重要的是，oney arket review 1861年5月声称邦联“得到联合王国商人的同情”; oted liverpool rcury , ay 17, 1861; deceber 1862, 利物浦商会经过长时间的激烈辩论后，通过了一项决议，要求修改国际法，保护公海上中立者的私有财产，实际上破坏了对南部港口的封锁; liverpool rcury , deceber 4, 1862, 5, deceber 11, 1862, 3; tony barley, yths of the sve power: nfederate svery, ncashire workers and the abaa (liverpool: ach hoe press, 1992), 49; liverpool rcury , ay 23, 1863, 6, october 6, 1863, 6, october 17, 1863, 3, february 1, 1864, 7; liverpool chaber of rce, report of the uncil, 1862 (liverpool: benn and allett, 1862), 20; brown brothers and pany, experiences of a century, 1818–1918: brown brothers and pany (phidelphia: np, 1919), 47

42 然而，英国工人，特别是兰开夏郡的棉花工人，基本上不同意一些商人和制造商对南部邦联的同情，他们经常发言支持北方联盟，尤其是在林肯宣布解放黑奴的可能性之后。林肯本人在1863年初表达了他对兰开夏郡工人的支持的感激之情。有人对此有强烈的争论，见 barley, yths , 67–71; philip s foner, british bor and the arican civil war (new york: holast this view, but now rly refuted, ary ellin, support for secession: ncashire and the ao press, 1972)

43 jones, union peril ; owsley and owsley, kg tton ; for the nfederacy, see w l trenhol to charles kuhn prioleau (liverpool), new york, june 21, 1865, b/ft 1/137, fraser, trenhol & pany papers, rseyside ariti eu, liverpool; on the iportance of wheat iports to brita, see for exaple willia thayer to willia h seward, london, july 19, 1862, seward papers, library of ngress, washgton, dc; hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 171, june 30, 1863, 1795 for a far-fng debate on why not to regnize the nfederacy, see ibid, 1771–1842; hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 167, june 13, 1862, 543; e cayll, to lord john rsell, october 11, 1862, box 25, 30/22, lord john rsell papers, national archives of the uk, kew; on the prsian desire for a strong united states to unterbance british fence, see l&246;ffler, presens , 59; see al art t tupper to abrahaeneral rrespondence, 1833–1916, abrahaton, dc; for european pressures on lln, see lord john rsell papers, national archives of the uk, kew; lord richard lyons to lord john rsell, washgton, 28 july 1863, united states, washgton legistion, private rrespondence, box 37, 30/22, lord john rsell papers, national archives of the uk, kew; charles wood to jat 9, 1862, lb 11, letterbook, july 3 to deceber 31, 1862, ss eur f 78, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london aent need for tton; henry s sanford to willia h seward, april 10, 1862, seward papers, ton, dc, oted case and spencer, united states and france , 290; willia thayer to willia h seward, london, july 19, 1862, seward papers; willia l dayton to charles francis adas, paris, noveber 21, 1862, a 15236, rrespondence, letters sent a-c, box i, dayton papers, as oted case and spencer, united states and france , 371

44 sancton, “yth of french worker,” 58–80; for ncerns about cial upheaval and pns to iprove the situation of uneployed tton workers, see énier, au profit ; on british workers’ llective action see hall, “poor tton weyver,” 227–50; jones, union peril , 55, argues that both gdstone and lyons cited fears of cial upheaval a textile workers as reans to tervene the adstone on the tton fadstone papers, british library, london; williadstone, speech on the arican civil war, town hall, newcastle upon tyne, october 7, 1862, as oted jones, union peril , 182

45 jones, union peril , 114, 123, 129, 130, 133; lord richard lyons to lord john rsell, washgton, july 28, 1863, united states, washgton legistion, private rrespondence, box 37, 30/22, lord john rsell papers, national archives of the uk, kew; charles wood to jat 9, 1862, lb 11, letterbook, july 3 to deceber 31, 1862, ss eur f 78, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; glyndon g van deen, willia henry seward (new york: oxford university press, 1967), 330–31, abraharess,” decee niy and john hay, eds, abraha his speeches, letters, state papers, and s , vol 2 (new york: century , 1894), 94; “the cabet on eancipation,” ss, july 22, 1862, reel 3, ed ton, dc thanks to eric foner for brgg this urce to y attention

46 willia thayer to willia h seward, london, july 19, 1862, seward papers, ton, dc; henry s sanford to willia h seward, april 10, 1862, seward papers; willia l dayton to willia h seward, paris, arch 25, 1862, despatches, france, state departton, dc 拿破仑认为如果不能得到棉花，即将出现社会动荡。thurloeed to willia h seward, paris, april 4, 1862, ibid; ibert-koechli is oted dtrial alsacien , february 2, 1862, as cited sancton, “yth of french worker,” 76; willia l dayton to charles francis adas, paris, noveber 21, 1862, a 15236, rrespondence, letters sent a-c, box i, dayton papers, oted case and spencer, united states and france , 371, al see 374; owsley and owsley, kg tton , 16–17

47 charles francis adat 25, 1861, ford, ed, a cycle of adas letters , 34–35, 36

48 关于这个有趣的故事，见 ricky-dale calhoun, “seeds of destruction: the globalization of tton as a result of the arican civil war” (phd dissertation, kansas state university, 2012), 99ff, 150ff; willia thayer to willia seward, arch 5, 1863, alexandria, despatches of the us nsul alexandria to seward, national archives, washgton dc see al david r serpell, “aypt, 1849–1863,” journal of odern history 10, no 3 (1938): 344–63; willia thayer to willia h seward, despatch nuber 23, alexandria, noveber 5, 1862, despatches of the us nsul alexandria to seward, national archives, washgton dc; williaton, deceton, dc; ayoub bey trabulsi to williat 12, 1862, despatches of the us nsul alexandria to seward, national archives, washgton, dc; willia thayer to willia h seward, april 1, 1862, ibid; for the dispatches to seward on tton see for exaple willia thayer to willia h seward, alexandria, july 20, 1861, ibid; willia thayer to willia h seward, despatch nuber 23, alexandria, noveber 5, 1862, ibid

49 williaton, deceber 15, 1862, seward papers, ton, dc see al ayoub bey trabulsi to williat 12, 1862, despatches of the us nsul alexandria to seward, national archives, washgton, dc; willia thayer to willia h seward, april 1, 1862, ibid

50 barg brothers liverpool to joshua bates, liverpool, february 12, 1862, hc 35: 1862, hoe rrespondence, barg brothers, g barg archive, london; charles wood to jat 9, 1862, ss eur f 78, lb 11, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; dunhaénéral de nancy, january 5, 1864, as cited case, ed, french opion , 285–86; 其他地区也送回类似的报告。

51 liverpool unt is al ade by tripathi, “a shot,” 74–89; willia h seward, arch 25, 1871, olive risely seward, ed, willia h seward’s travels around the world (new york: d appleton & , 1873), 401

52 这是从阅读曼彻斯特商会的年度报告中得到的印象；对于棉花利益松了一口气的感觉，见 anchester, forty-third annual report , 17, 25; liverpool t 10, 1864, 3, augt 31, 1864, 7, septeber 22, 1864, 7, october 31, 1864, 7 see al owsley and owsley, kg tton , 137, 143; atkn, “future supply,” 485–86; john bright to edward a atkn, london, ay 29, 1862, box n 298, edward a atkn papers, assachetts historical ciety, boston

53 brer handelsbtt 12 (1862), 335

54 the enoist , septeber 21, 1861, 1042; j e horn, crise tonnière et les textiles digènes (paris: dentu, 1863), 14; leone levi, “on the tton trade and anufacture, as affected by the civil war arica,” journal of the statistical ciety of london 26, no 8 (arch 1863): 42; stephen s reak, paix en aérie (paris: henri plon, 1865), 25–26; brer handelsbtt , april 22, 1865, 142

55 奴隶对解放斗争的重要性已经被许多历史学家很好地分析了；尤见 ira berl et al, sves no ore: three essays on ee university press, 1992); eric foner, renstruction: arica’s unfished revotion, 1863–1877 (new york: harperlls, 2002); steven hahn, a nation under our feet: bck political struggles the rural uth froe, a: belknap press of harvard university, 2003); steven hahn, the political worlds of svery and freedoe, a: harvard university press, 2009); on the ntradictions of uthern state forht war see al stephanie : power and politics the civil war uth (cae, a: harvard university press, 2010)

56 london rcury , septeber 22, 1863, 7; ravder kuar, western dia the neteenth century: a study the cial history of e & k paul, 1968), 35, 59, 151, 161; aur staubli, reich und ar it bauwolle: export orientierte ndwirtschaft und ziale stratifikation a beispiel des bauwolnba iart: f steer, 1994), 58, 68, 114–15, 187; an richards, egypt’s agricultural develope (boulder, : westview press, 1982), 55, 61; 在中亚，在很多年后，情况类似；john whitan, “turkestan tton iperial rsia,” arican svic and east european review 15, no 2 (1956): 190–205; 关于战后南方经济的改变，见 foner, renstruction , 392–411; gav wright, the political enoy of the tton uth: hoeholds, arkets, and wealth the neteenth century (new york: norton, 1978), 166–76; wright, old uth , 34, 107; steven hahn, the roots of uthern populisia upuntry, 1850–1890 (new york: oxford university press, 1983)

57 w h holrow it (london: chapan and hall, 1862), 18; rivale, lectures , 315; report of the select ittee of the hoe of ons, dated july 25, 1842, as cited alleyne irend, derariana: essays, historical, critical, and descriptive (new york: ailn, 1899), 150; the enoal

58 hols, free tton , 16, 18, 22; ission loniale, rapport à anisation du travail libre, rerd group n 40, box 317, fonds istérielles, archives d’outre-r, aix-en-provence, france; tton supply reporter (deceber 16, 1861): 722

59 hols, free tton ; auteur de paix en europe par l’alliance anglo-fran&231;aise, les bncs et les noirs en aérie et le ton dans les deux ondes (paris: dentu, 1862)

60 “为了重建而排演”这个主题取材自 willie lee nichols rose, rehearsal for renstruction: the port royal experint (dianapolis: bobbs-rrill, 1964); liverpool rcury , septeber 23, 1863, 6; 这也是利物浦越来越多的人的结论，到1863年，他们给liverpool rcury 的编辑写了越来越多的信，让人们听到他们反对奴隶制的声音；见liverpool rcury , january 19, 1863, 6, january 24, 1863, 7; edward atkn, cheap tton by free bor (boston: a willias & , 1861); atkn papers, assachetts historical ciety, boston; anchester, forty-first annual report , 33; atkn, “future supply,” 485–86

61 早在1862年，caird 先生就在众议院指出：“南方各州迄今为止从奴隶种植中获得的好处在很大程度上将会结束。”hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 167 (1862), 791; see liverpool rcury , january 3, 1865, 6, april 25, 1865, 6, ay 13, 1865, 6; for prices, see john a todd, world’s tton crops (london: a & c bck, 1915 (1924), 429–32; xxiv222, rp, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool; barg brothers liverpool to barg brothers london, july 19, 1865, hoe rrespondence, hc 3 (1865), folder 35 (rrespondence fro archive, london

62 brer handelsbtt , june 17, 1865, 234–35; w a bruce to lord john rsell, reat brita to foreign office, earl rsell, 1865, 30: 22/38, lord john rsell papers, national archives of the uk, ke a bruce to lord john rsell, ay 22, 1865, ibid

63 augt etienne, die baura von herann paetel, 1902), 28; 美国内战时期印度棉花生产扩张的一个重要议题是劳动力短缺问题；见tis of dia , october 18, 1861, 3, february 27, 1863, 6; zeitfran , of the anchester tton supply asciation, june 11, 1861, reprted “the tton estion,” aze and rcial review 45 (october 1861): 379; liverpool rcury , june 12, 1861, 3; dharwar llecterate 轧花厂负责人于1862年5月报告说，”虽然本地棉花的种植可以扩展到相当大程度，但可用的劳动力数量不足以清理现在生产的棉花数量。”oted tial hurkaru , ay 11, 1861, as reprted bobay tis and standard , ay 17, 1861, 3

64 tton supply reporter (june 15, 1861): 530; supplent to the enoist , rcial history and review of 1865, arch 10, 1866, 3; brer handelsbtt , april 22, 1865, 142; 当然，奴隶制本身在古巴、巴西和非洲等地繁荣了几十年；然而，总的来说，棉花不再由奴隶生产；见 suzanne iers and richard roberts, the end of svery africa (adin: university of wisns press, 1988)

65 tiypt, techno-politics, odernity (berkeley: university of california press, 2002), 59–60; athieu, de culture , 25

66 brer handelsbtt , october 14, 1865, 372

67 the eno but freedoe: louisiana state university press, 1983), 27–28

68 berl et al, sves no ore , 1–76

69 recs, “le ton,” 208

70 barg brothers liverpool to barg brothers london, february 4, 1865, hoe rrespondence, hc 3 (1865), folder 35 (rrespondence froeneral advertiser , january 19, 1865, as cited hall, “liverpool tton,” 163; dian daily news , extraordary, eneral calcutta to willia h seward, calcutta, arch 8, 1864, despatches of the us nsul calcutta to us secretary of state, national archives, washgton, dc; letter fro calv w sith to “dear friends at ho,” bobay, april 23, 1865, folder 13, s n-937, calv w sith papers, assachetts historical ciety, boston; sahton, 1902), 35; brown brothers, experiences , 49–50

71 willia b forwood, “the fence of price upon the cultivation and nsu the ten years 1860–1870,” journal of the statistical ciety of london 33, no 3 (septeber 1870): 371

72 horn, crise , 46

第10章　全球重建

1 frederick w a bruce to earl of crendon, british secretary of state, washgton, dc, deceber 18, 1865, reprted tton supply reporter (february 1, 1866): 1795; eers, to secretary of state, washgton, dc, deceber 18, 1865, ibid

2 edund ashworth, as cited tton supply reporter (july 1, 1865): 1675; aurice willias, “the tton trade of 1865,” seven year history of the tton trade of europe, 1861 to 1868 (liverpool: willia potter, 1868), 19 for reat brita: cdg a history of the liverpool tton arket and of the liverpool tton brokers’ asciation (london: effgha wiln, 1886), 255

3 robert ed buhler, “die unabh&228;ngigkeitsbestrebunn engnds, frankreichs und deutschnds ihrer bau” (phd dissertation, university of zurich, 1929), 3; tton supply reporter (june 1, 1865): 1658

4 b r itchell, ternational historical statistics: the arave ailn, 2007), 391, 467, 547–49; elijah hel, “an ternational survey of the tton dtry,” arterly journal of enoht, “tton petition and the post-bel revery of the arican uth,” journal of enos a farnie and david j jereed the world: the tton dtry ternational perspective, 1600–1990s (oxford: oxford university press, 2004), 23, 25

5 279页的图表是根据作者对19个国家（奥地利、比利时、巴西、加拿大、中国、法国、德国、印度、意大利、日本、墨西哥、荷兰、葡萄牙、俄国、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士、联合王国和美国）棉花锭子数据的分析得出的。由于来源的分散性和不一致性，这只是一个估计。有些数字是推断出来的。有关数字，请参阅 louis bader, world developnts the tton dtry, with special reference to the tton piece goods dtry the united states (new york: new york university press, 1925), 33; achi, private veste uth asian studies 10 (cae university press, 1972), 234; javier barajas odon en aciones enoiuie, dtrie (brsels: ies de grande dtrie alleande (paris: f h turot, 1933), 486; sabbato louis bes, the tton dtry switzernd, vorarlberg, and italy; a report to the electors of the gartside schorships (wood, tton (new york: holt, 1919), 61; h j habakkuk and e enoe university press, 1965), 443; kang chao, the develope, a: harvard university press, 1977), 301–7; stanley d chapan, “fixed capital foration the british tton dtry, 1770–1815,” enot 1970): 235–66, 252; louis berron and jean-antoe-cude chaptal, de l’dtrie fran&231;aise: acteurs de l’histoire (paris: ipr nationale éditions, 1993), 326; dtry of the united states (new york: a kelley, 1966), 19; see years 1878–1920 tton facts: a pition fro official and reliable urces (new york: a b sheppern, 1878); richard dehn and erartside schorships (anchester: anchester university press, 1913); thonce at the past history, present ndition, and the future prospects of the tton ans and roberts, 1858), 146–67; ellin, the tton trade of great brita , 72–3; d a farnie, the english tton dtry and the world arket, 1815–1896 (new york: oxford university press, 1979), 180; irel fils, “fiture du tton,” ichel chevalier, ed, rapports du jury ternational: exposition universelle de 1867 à paris , vol 4 (paris: p dupont, 1868), 20; r b forrester, the tton dtry france; a report to the electors of the gartside schorships (london: longreen and , 1921), 5; “dtrie textile,” annuaire statistie de france (paris, 1877–1890, 1894); ately, “the developnt of the rsian tton textile dtry the pre-revotionary years, 1861–1913” (phd dissertation, university of kansas, 1968), 134; statistisches reichsat, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich , vol 24 (1913), 107; aurora goalvarriato, “the ipact of revotion: bess and bor the xican textile dtry, orizaba, veracruz, 1900–1930” (phd dissertation, harvard university, 2000), 23, 45; great brita, ittee on dtry, and trade, survey of textile dtries: tton, wool, artificial silk (london: her ajesty’s stationery office, 1928), 142; ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, ternational tton statistics , arno s pearse, ed (ye, 1921), 1–32; ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations and arno s pearse, the tton dtry of dia, beg the report of the journey to dia (art, evans, 1930), 22; ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations and arno s pearse, the tton dtry of japan and cha, beg the report of the journey to japan and cha (art evans & ltd, 1929), 18–19, 154; italy, riltura, dtria e rcio, “l’dtria del tone italia,” annali di statistica , series 4, no 100 (ro bertero ec, 1902), 12–13; italy, riltura, dtria e rcio, annuario statisti italiano (roa: tip elzeviriana), see years 1878, 1881, 1886, 1892, 1900, 1904, and 1905–6; s t kg and ta-chun liu, cha’s tton dtry: a statistical study of ownership of capital, output, and bor nditions (np: np, 1929), 4; sung jae koh, stas of dtrial developnt asia: a parative history of the tton dtry japan, dia, cha, and korea (phidelphia: university of pennsylvania press, 1966), 324–66; richard a kra, tton and tton goods cha, 1918–1936 (new york: garnd, 1980), 57, 99; john c tha and h e alexander, tton ovent and fctuations (new york: tha alexander & , 1894–1910); aurice lévy-leboyer, les banes européennes et l’dtrialisation ternationale dans preière oitié du xixe siècle (paris: presses universitaires de france, 1964), 29; s d hta, the dian tton textile dtry, an eno k ved for the textile asciation of dia, 1953), 139; b r e: cae university press, 1971) 185; b r itchell, ternational historical statistics: europe, 1750–1993 (new york: stockton press, 1998), 511; charles kroth oser, the tton textile dtry of far eastern untries (boston: pepperell pany, 1930), 50; national asciation of tton anufacturers, standard tton ill practice and eipnt, with cssified buyer’s dex (boston: national asciation of tton ary r saxonhoe, parative technology choice developnt: the dian and japanese tton textile dtries (houndrave, “report of factory spectors,” parliareat brita: parliant, hoe of ons, 1855), 69; j h schnitzler, de création de richesse, ou, des térêts atériels en france , vol 1 (paris: h lebrun, 1842), 228; stanley j ste, the brazilian tton anufacture: textile enterprise an underdeveloped area, 1850–1950 (cauy tho,” jean batou, ed, beeen developnt and underdevelopnt: the precio atteeneva: librairie droz, 1991), 280; john a todd, the world’s tton crops (london: a & c bck, 1915), 411; ugo tobesi, l’dtria toniera italiana al fe del selo xix (pesaro: g frederici, 1901), 66; united states, bureau of erovern office, 1908), 23, 125, 162; united states, bureau of overn office, 1913), 33; united states, bureau of overn office, 1912), 6; united states, bureau of overn office, 1912), 9–11; united states, bureau of the cens, tton production and distribution: sean of 1916–1917 (washgton, dc: govern office, 1918), 88; united states, bureau of the cens, tton production the united states (washgton, dc: govern office, 1915), 56

6 the neral pot is al eran, “the transition fro sve to free bor: notes on a parative enoals, frank er caribbean the neteenth century (baltiore: johns hopks university press, 1985), 260

7 ission loniale, rapport à anisation du travail libre, p 61, rerd group n 40, box 472, fonds istérielles, archives d’outre-r, aix-en-provence, france

8 胁迫的持续存在在下列著作中也有讨论：tz raphael, “krieg, diktatur und isarbeit 1880 bis 1960,” elisabeth herrsarbeit: untersuchunn zur zial-, rechts- und kulturschichte (hildeshei: ols, 2005), 256–80; robert stefeld, ercion, ntract, and free bor the neteenth century (new york: ca but freedoe: louisiana state university press, 1983); nan elizabeth woodruff, ale the delta (cae, a: harvard university press, 2003); donald holley, the send great eration, and how they shaped the odern uth (fayetteville: university of arkansas press, 2000), 104–5; charles s aiken, the tton pntation uth sce the civil war (baltiore: johns hopks university press, 1998), 101

9 barbara fields, “the advent of capitalist agriculture: the new uth a bourois world,” thavolia glyph et al, eds, essays on the postbele station: texas a& university press, 1985), 74; uthern cultivator , february 26, 1868, 61

10 edward atkn, cheap tton by free bor (boston: a willias & , 1861); rcial and fancial chronicle (noveber 11, 1865): 611–12

11 uthern cultivator , january 24, 1866, 5; w a bruce to earl rsell, washgton, reat brita foreign office, earl rsell, 1865 (private rrespondence), 30/22/38, national archives of the uk, kew; j r bk to ssrs rathbone brothers and , new york, april 24, 1865, rathbone papers, rerd nuber xxiv222, rp, rathbone papers, special llections and archives, university of liverpool; ee chenry, the tton supply of the united states of aal chaber of an, “dia’s loss of the british tton arket after 1865,” journal of uthern history 31, no 1 (1965): 47; g f forbes to under secretary of state for dia, augt 16, 1866, secretariat rerds office, as oted logan, “dia’s loss of the british tton arket,” 49

12 bliss perry, life and letters of henry lee higgn , vol 1 (boston: atntic onthly press, 1921), 247, uthern cultivator , ay 26, 1868, 133, 135 for exaples of this discsion see uthern cultivator , february 25, 1867, 42; augt 25, 1867, 258; october 25, 1867, 308; january 26, 1868, 12; rarian capitalisia, 1800–1880 (chapel hill: university of north carola press, 1992), 137; uthern cultivator , february 27, 1869, 51; raph , ay 31, 1865

13 ntract dated boston, deceber 23, 1863, vario letters and notes, file 298, edward a atkn papers, assachetts historical ciety, boston; eric foner, renstruction: arica’s unfished revotion, 1863–1877 (new york: harper & row, 1988), 53, 54, 58; edward atkn to his ton, july 5, 1864, vario letters and notes, file 298, edward a atkn papers, assachetts historical ciety

14 raph , as an understandable arket response: the post-bel uth,” journal of enoic history 33, no 1 (arch 1973): 107

15 ntract of january 29, 1866, alonzo t and ilrd ial papers, north carola depart as an understandable free the tton uth (cae, a: harvard university press, 2007), 127, 129, 131; jas c bb, the ost uthern pce on earth: the ional identity (new york: oxford university press, 1992), 48–50

16 foner, renstruction , 103, 104 有人认为，在整个美洲，前奴隶希望“控制自己的劳动和进入自己的土地”。见 kle and enran, “the transition fro sve to free bor,” 256; “a freedan’s speech,” pennsylvania freedn’s bullet (january 1867): 16

17 reidy, frorarian capitalis , 144

18 foner, renstruction , 108, 134; reidy, frorarian capitalisars can’t be choosers: pulsion and ntract postbel arica,” journal of arican history 78, no 4 (arch 1992): 1274, 1285; bb, the ress, hoe, orders issue by the issioner and assistant issioners of the freedars can’t be choosers,” 1284

19 rcial and fancial chronicle (noveber 11, 1865): 611–12; “a freedan’s speech,” pennsylvania freedn’s bullet (january 1867): 115

20 o’donovan, beg free , 162, 189, 224, 227, 240; foner, renstruction , 138, 140; bb, the ost uthern pce , 51; jas c stt, weapons of the weak: everyday fors of peasant resistance (new haven, ct: yale university press, 1985), xv

21 gav wright, “the stran career of the new uthern enoic history,” reviews arican history 10, no 4 (deceber 1982): 171; foner, renstruction , 174; fields, “the advent of capitalist agriculture,” 84; reidy, frorarian capitalis , 159; uthern cultivator 25, no 11 (noveber 1867): 358; aiken, the tton pntation uth , 34ff bb, the e den vereigten staaten,” archiv fur zialwissenschaft 22 (1906): 52

22 reid, “sharecroppg as an understandable ris faily papers, 3357, uthern historical llection, as cited reid, “sharecroppg as an understandable arket response,” 128–29

23 wright, “the stran career,” 172, 176 bb, the ost uthern pce , 102; harold d woodan, “enoic renstruction and the rise of the new uth, 1865–1900,” john b boles and evelyn thoraphical essays honor of sanford w higgbothae: louisiana state university press, 1987), 268; dubois, “die nerfra,” 41; c l hardean to john c burns, deceber 11, 1875, john c burr papers, ississippi departnt of archives and history, as cited bb, the e of epire, 1875–1914 (london: weidenfeld and niln, 1987), 36

24 wright, “the stran career,” 170, 172; john r hann ii, “world deht’s estiates re-exaed,” journal of enoic history 39, no 4 (deceber 1979): 1015, 1016, 1018, 1019

25 uthern cultivator , january 26, 1868, 13; telegra brothers, london, septe archive, london; o’donovan, beg free , 117; bb, the ost uthern pce , 91, 104, 114; woodrarian capitalis , 222, 225; aiken, the tton pntation uth , 23

26 steven hahn, “css and state posteancipation cieties: uthern pnters parative perspective,” arican historical review 95, no 1 (february 1990): 83, 84, 96

27 david f wei css: upuntry faria tton enoy,” journal of enoic history 45, no 1 (1985): 72, 76, 78

28 wei css,” 84; dubois, “die nerfra,” 38; ernst von halle, bauswirtschaft den norda und rekonstruktion (leipzig: dunker & huboldt, 1906), 518, 661ff; foner, renstruction , 394

29 uthern cultivator , june 29, 1871, 221; bb, the ione and ben orreale, storia: five centuries of the italian arican experience (new york: harper perennial, 1992), 185; aiken, the tton pntation uth , 61; e ia pnter (athens: university of ia press, 1961), 9, 14, 17, 35, 37, 67–69, 84, 90

30 julia seibert, “travail libre ou travail forcé?: die ‘arbeiterfra’ io 1908–1930,” journal of odern european history 7, no 1 (e,” 44

31 united states departnt of rce, bureau of the cens, historical statistics of the united states, lonial tis to the present (new york: basic books, 1976), 518, 899; united states bureau of statistics, departnt of the treasury, tton eroverne&769;ne&769;rale des douanes, tableau de&769;cennal du rce de france avec ses lonies et les puissances e&769;tran&768;res, 1887–96 (paris, 1896), 2, 108; kaiserliches statistisches at, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich , vol 13 (berl: kaiserliches statistisches ado each of the st fifteen years fro 1886 to 1900 (london: wyan and ns, 1901), 92–93

32 bobay chaber of rce, report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1865–66 (bobay: education ciety’s press, 1867), 213; b r itchell, ternational historical statistics: africa, asia and oceania, 1750–2005 (basgstoke, uk: palgrave ailn, 2007), 354; f riculture, sis, part b, nos 6–8, april 1889, fibres and silk branch, departriculture, national archives of dia, new delhi; statistical abstract retg to british dia fro 1903–04 to 1912–13 (london: his ajesty’s stationery office, 1915), 188; statistical tables retg to dian tton: dian spng and weavg ills (bobay: tis of dia stea press, 1889), 59; toyo nka kaisha, the dian tton facts 1930 (bobay: toyo nka kaisha ltd, 1930), 54; dwijendra tripathi, “dia’s challen to arica european arkets, 1876–1900,” dian journal of arican studies 1, no 1 (1969): 58; bericht der handelskar bren uber das jahr 1913 (bren: hachild, 1914), 38; bobay chaber of rce, report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1865–66 (bobay: education ciety’s press, 1867), 213 the pere is al ephasized by aur staubli, reich und ar it bauwolle: exportorientierte ndwirtschaft a beispiel des bauwolnba iart: franz steer verg, 1994), 66; jaress, and present extent (london: sipk, arshall, 1860), 132; statistical abstracts for british dia fro 1911–12 to 1920–21 (london: his ajesty’s stationery office, 1924), 476–77 关于内战对印度的影响的许多文献中有一种不幸的倾向，把人们的观点局限于印度和英国之间的关系，完全忽略了印度和欧洲大陆以及日本之间更重要的原棉贸易。有关“帝国中心论”的观点，请参见例如 logan, “dia’s loss of the british tton ht, “tton petition” 关于欧洲大陆市场的重要性，见 john henry rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 (bobay: prted at the education ciety’s press, 1869), 139; c b pritchard, annual report on tton for the bobay presidency for the year 1882–83 (bobay: tton departerald and a e neln, central provces district gazetteers, ae, 1911), 192, rerd group v/27/65/6, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london 关于欧洲进口印度棉花日益增多，见 tripathi, “dia’s challen to arica european arkets, 1876–1900,” 57–65; statistical abstracts for the united kgdo for each of the fifteen years fro & n ltd, 1926), 114–15; john a todd, world’s tton crops (london: a & c bck, 1915), 45; 关于印度棉花在欧洲大陆普遍受欢迎的原因，见“report by f riculture, siriculture, fibres and silk branch, april 1889, nos 6–8, part b, national archives of dia, new delhi; a j dunlop to the secretary of the chas, part b, june 1874, no 41/42, fibres and silk branch, agriculture and rce departnt, revenue, national archives of dia; “stateress and ndition of dia, 1895–96,” 109, oriental and dia office llections, british library

33 itchell, ternational historical statistics: the aricas , 227, 316

34 ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, official report of the ternational ngress, held egypt, 1927 (anchester: ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and ht, ed, entieth century iypt: its history, people, reater brita publishg pany, 1909), 280; b r itchell, ternational historical statistics: africa, asia and oceania, 1750–2005 (basgstoke, uk: palgrave ailn, 2007), 265

35 1866至1905 年间，巴西的纱锭数量增加到了53倍。关于巴西的讨论根据estati&769;sticas histo&769;ricas do brasil: se&769;ries eno&770;ra&769;ficas e ciais de 1550 a 1988 (rio de janeiro: funda&231;&227;o stituto brasileiro de ogralica e estatistica, 1990), 346; on the nuber of spdles see stanley j ste, the brazilian tton anufacture: textile enterprise an underdeveloped area, 1850–1950 (cae, a: harvard university press, 1957), 191; e r j owen, tton and the egyptian enoy, 1820–1914: a study trade and developnt (oxford: crendon press, 1969), 90, 123, 124, 197; the perypt’s agricultural develope (boulder, : westview press, 1982), 31; ellin, the tton trade of great brita , 91; ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, official report of the ternational ngress, held egypt , 125

36 rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 , 13, 114, 131; alfred yn lyall, ed, gazetteer for the haiderábád assigned districts only called barár (bobay: education ciety’s press, 1870), 161; charles b saunders, ad a report on the adned districts for the year 1872–73 (hyderabad: residency press, 1872), 12

37 关于电报，见 xan d satya, tton and fae berar, 1850–1900 (new delhi: al despatches, vol 82, augt 17, 1853, pp 1140–42, fro board of directors, eic london, to fancial/railway departovernnt of dia, oted satya, tton and fae berar , 142 关于经费来源，见 aruna awasthi, history and developnt of railways dia (new delhi: deep & deep publications, 1994), 92; neral balfour is oted rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 , 114 关于铁路和曼彻斯特商品之间的关系，见 ibid, 155; neln, central provces district gazetteers , 248; report on the trade of the hyderabad assigned districts for the year 1883–84, p 2, rerd group v/24, hyderabad assigned districts, dia, departriculture reports, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; jurn osterhaen , 6th ed (aon is fro satya, tton and fae berar , 173 the ration on rchants is fro john henry rivett-carnac, any ories of life dia, at ho, and abroad (london: w bckwood and ns, 1910), 166, 169; tis of dia , sean cp and berar,” june 1874, rerd group fibres and silk branch, no 41/42, part b, revenue, agriculture and rce departnt, national archives of dia, new delhi

38 journal of the ciety of arts 24 (february 25, 1876): 260; rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 , 100; satya, tton and fae berar , 153

39 rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 , 115

40 forriculture, rce a separate branch of the ho departnt, april 9, 1870, 91–102, public branch, hos e haynes, “arket foration khandeshh, 1820–1930,” dian enoic and cial history review 36, no 3 (1999): 294; asiatic review (october 1, 1914): 298–364; report by e a hobn, 11, departriculture, fibres and silk branch, noveber 1887, nos 22–23, part b, national archives of da, new delhi and deed, by 1863 charles wood uld observe that “the present state of thgs is di”; charles wood to ja, june 16, 1863 ss eur f 78, lb 13, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; letter froe of tton, to the secretary of the chaber of rce, boricultural and s, part b, noveber 1874, no 5, national archives of dia, new delhi; satya, tton and faazetteers , 248; prted letter froovernriculture and rce, hyderabad, april 2, 1878, report on the trade of the hyderabad assigned districts for the year 1877–78, p 6, rerd group v/24, hyderabad assigned districts, dia, departriculture, reports, oriental and dia office llections, british library

41 rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 , 91; charles wood to sir charles trevelyan, april 9, 1863, ss eur f 78, lb 12, wood papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

42 satya, tton and fae berar , 136–37, 180; asiatic , june 11, 1872, s, benja john sith papers, anchester archives and local studies, anchester 同样在西北各省，棉花总种植面积从1861年的953076公顷增加到1864年的1730634公顷。见 logan, “dia’s loss of the british tton e watt, the rcial products of dia (london: john urray, 1908), 600; tis of dia , deceber 10, 1867, as oted oulvie syed ahdi ali, hyderabad affairs , vol 5 (bobay: prted at the tis of dia stea press, 1883), 260

43 tiypt, techno-politics, odernity (berkeley: university of california press, 2002), 57

44 ibid, 66–71

45 ibid, 70

46 ibid, 62–63, 67, 71, 73; great brita, high ent and nsul-neral on the fances, adypt and the udan (london: his ajesty’s stationery office, 1902), 24; ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and lo-egyptian udan (anchester: np, 1921), 66

47 itchell, rule of experts , 55, 63, 66, 72, 73, 76

48 satya, tton and faazetteers , 150 on the wastends see satya, tton and fae berar , 78 卡尔·马克思已经明白，工厂主的核心需求是改善印度的基础设施，把棉花运到海岸。见 karl els, aufstand dien (berl: dietz verg, 1978 [1853]), 264; sandip hazareesgh, “tton, cliate and lonialis dharestern dia, 1840–1880,” journal of historical ography 38, no 1 (2012): 14

49 how to ake dia take the pce of arica as our tton field (london: j e taylor, nd, probably 1863), 7

50 thoaze and rcial review 45, no 5 (noveber 1861): 483; satya, tton and fae berar , 34, 47, 59, 62, 87, 91, 95; neln, central provces district gazetteers , 147, 226; a c lydall, gazetteer for the haidarabad assigned districts, only called berar (boroup v/27/65/112, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; hazareesgh, “tton, cliate and lonialis dharestern dia, 1840–1880,” 12; arno sch dia (anchester: ternational federation of aster tton spners; and anufacturers’ asciations, 1912), 22

51 david hall-ies of the ar district, bobay presidency, c 1870–1884,” dian enoic and cial history review 36, no 3 (1999): 307; satya, tton and fae berar , 80–81; lte toks&246;z, “the &199;ukurova: froriculture, 1800–1908” (phd dissertation, state university of new york at bghaton, 2000), 75; francis turner, “adistration report of the tton departroup v/24/434, tton departnt, bobay presidency, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

52 satya, tton and fae berar , 80, 161; tis of dia , overnd suary, january 14, 1864, 3

53 christof dejung, “the boundaries of western power: the lonial tton eno and niels p petersn, eds, the foundations of ide enolobal e university press, 2012), 149–50

54 ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, official report of the ternational ngress, held egypt , 64; e b francis, “report on the tton cultivation the punjab for 1882–1883,” hore, 1882, rerd group v/24/441, fancial ission, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

55 f riculture, sis, part b, nos 6–8, april 1889, fibres and silk branch, departriculture, national archives of dia, new delhi; sales, front of the new york chaaze and rcial review 45, no 1 (july 1861): 83; rivett-carnac, any ories , 166, 168; peter harty, “the tton iricultural history 44, no 4 (october 1970): 389; satya, tton and fae berar , 156ff

56 alfred charles true, a history of agricultural experintation and research the united states, 1607–1925 (washgton, dc: govern office, 1937): 41–42; 64, 184, 199, 218, 221, 251, 256; i newton hoffann, “the tton futures act,” journal of political enoy 23, no 5 (ation and tton grog uthern central asia, 1860s to 1991 (unpublished ancript, 2009), chapter 1, 66 自1899年以来，埃及农业学校出版了一本《农业学会杂志》，以阿拉伯文提供这方面的资料。见ricultural school 1 (1899), national library, cairo see al l’agriculture: journal agrile, dtrial, rcial et enoie , published sce 1891, ostly arabic, national library, cairo; ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, official report of the ternational ngress, held egypt , 54

57 f w schofield, “note on dian tton,” 12, departriculture, si, deceber 15, 1888, april 1889, nos 6–8, part b, fibres and silk branch, national archive of dia, new delhi; satya, tton and fayptian tton (alexandria: a procaia, 1939), 79; harty, “the tton iprovent,” 383

58 hazareesgh, “tton, cliate and lonialis dharestern dia, 1840–1880,” 7

59 brer handelsbtt , june 28, 1873, 229; w f bruck, turkische bauirtschaft: ee kolonialwirtschaftliche und -politische untersuchung (jena: gtav fischer, 1919), 99; e s sys, “report on the cultivation of tton british buroon, revenue departroup v/24/446, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

60 关于美国内战后的棉花出口情况，见“tton production eensnd fro 1866 to 1917,” a 8510–12/11, adviry uncil of science and dtry executive , rrespondence with onwealth board of trade, national archives of atralia; adeide advertiser , january 11, 1904; orandu fro adviry uncil to onwealth board of trade, septeber 13, 1918, a 8510, 12/11, adviry uncil of science and dtry executive , rrespondence with onwealth board of trade, national archives of atralia; theo price, president, price-capbell tton picker rporation, new york to adviry uncil of science and dtry, ay 15, 1917, naa-a 8510–12/33, adviry uncil of science and dtry executive ittee, tton, tton picker, national archives of atralia; sydney eveng news , keitsbestrebunn engnds,” 111

61 see for exaes uber den bauwollbau kleasien,” der tropenpfnzer 5 (1901), 530–36; bruck, turkische bauirtschaft , 3

62 see al arc bloch, “pour une histoire parée des ciétés européennes,” revue de synthèse historie 46 (1928): 15–50

63 ichael ann, “die ene arbeit der neuzeit,” : leipzir universit&228;tsverg, 2003), 19; lobal bor history (boston: brill, 2008), 18–32, 52–54

64 fields, “the advent of capitalist agriculture,” 74; satya, tton and faht, ed, entieth century iypt: its history, people, reater brita publishg pany, 1909), 281, 284; ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, official report of the ternational ngress, held egypt , 95; arno s pearse, brazilian tton (art, evans & , 1921), 75, 81; peru, 1890–1920: the ndor valley,” agricultural history 65, no 1 (ter 1991): 53, 58; e raphical review 9, no 1 (january 1920): 42; toks&246;z, “the &199;ukurova,” 203, 246; levant trade review 1, no 1 (june 1911): as oted toks&246;z, “the &199;ukurova,” 182

65 a t oore, spector chief, tton departs, part b, riculture and rce departnt, revenue, national archives of dia, new delhi; david hall-ies of the ar district, bobay presidency, c 1870–1884,” dian enoic and cial history review 36, no 3 (1999): 307; a e neln, central provces gazetteers, buldana district (calcutta: baptist ission press, 1910), 228; toks&246;z, “the &199;ukurova,” 272; bruck, turkische bauirtschaft , 41, 67

66 kle and enran, “the transition fro sve to free bor,” 255–70 this was a different systear dtry after eancipation there, dentured workers took on a proent role the difference is probably reted to the fact that sugar production is of tton, and, ar that do not exist tton for the effects of ear, see especially rebea j stt, sve eancipation cuba: the transition to free bor, 1860–1899 (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 1985); david northrup, dentured bor the a of ie university press, 1995); frederick oper, thoas c holt, and rebea j stt, beyond svery: explorations of race, bor, and citizenship posteancipation cieties (chapel hill: university of north carola press, 2000)

67 tton supply reporter (june 15, 1861): 530; uyane fran&231;aise (épal: alexis cabasse, 1861); le urier du havre , septeen/56, fonds istériels, archives d’outre-r, aix-en-provence see al tton supply reporter (july 1, 1861): 554; stephen s reak, paix en aérie (paris: henri plon, 1865), 25–26 关于苦力劳动力的问题，另见 bck ball le, liverpool to roup d 176, folder a (vario), sandbach, tne & , papers, eran, “the transition froricultural develope (boulder, : westview press, 1981), 55, 61

68 willias of the unera, 1880–1911 (albuere: university of new xi press, 1994), 4, 6, 33–34, 48, 51

69 ibid, 40, 116–17, 120, 346; werner tobler, die esellschaft-licher wandel und politischer ubruch, 1876–1940 (frankfurt a a: suhrkap, 1984), 70ff

70 ress , 123–25, 131; for peru, see peru, 1890–1920: the ndor valley,” agricultural history 65, no 1 (ter 1991): 71; for egypt, see itchell, rule of experts

71 toks&246;z, “the &199;ukurova,” 99

72 anchester chaber of rce, the forty-send annual report of the board of directors for the year 1862 (, “die akkuesa, 1981), 311–12, 317; karl ponyi, the great transforation (boston: bean press, 1968), 72–75

73 jurn osterha: dinsionen, prozesse, epochen (unich: c h beck, 2003), 70

74 eric hobsbawe of epire, 1875–1914 (london: weidenfeld and niln, 1987), 40, 42, 45, 54, 59, 62, 66, 67, 69; osterha , 69 see al sven beckert, “space atters: eurafrica, the aanization of european capitalisng the entieth century to history: alternative narratives for the odern era,” arican historical review 105, no 3 (june 2000): 807–31; oldha aster tton spners’ asciation, report of the deceroup 6/2/1–61, papers of the oldha aster tton spners’ asciation, john rynds library, entieth century: s of our tiiu’s expansionist history beeen 1870 and 1930: iian bess,” unich pernal repec archive paper no 11295 (posted october 30, 2008), aessed july 9, 2009,

75 ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, official report of the ternational ngress, held egypt , 31; anisation du travail libre,” 317/n 40/472, fonds istérielle, centre des archives d’outre-r; procès verbaux des séances de en 127/473, fonds ien 135/475, fonds istérielle, archives d’outre-r; liverpool rcury , septeber 23, 1863, 6; edward atkn, cheap tton by free bor: by a tton anufacturer (boston: a williaht to edward atkn, london, ne à paris, no date, 994/n 117/474, fonds istérielle, archives d’outre-r; py of a report by r b d orier to the secretary of state, the aris of salisbury, october 12, 1889, pitions, vol 51, 1890, pition no 476, “establishovernnt of a odel tton pntation the rva oasis,” revenue departyo chosa kyoku [special departnt of research on dtries], chosen ni okeru nka ni kansuru chosa seiseki [the research on tton korea] (augt 1918); no-shoriculture and riculture], nka ni kansuru chosa [the research on tton] (arch 1913)

76 许多其他国家也是如此。例如，在秘鲁，在内战和由此产生的产量大幅度扩大之后，佃农耕作和共享种植成为棉花生产的主要形式。见 vcent pelo, peasants on pntations: subaltern strategies of bor and resistance the pis valley , peru (durha, nc: duke university press, 1999); ichael r haes, “wholesale prices of selected odities: 1784–1998,” table 205–266, san b carter, stt sigartner, av wright, eds, historical statistics of the united states, earliest tie university press, 2006); peter harty, iperialis and free trade: ncashire and dia the id-neteenth century (vanuver: university of british bia press, 1972), 99

第11章　大破坏

1 john r killick, “atntic and far eastern odels the tton trade, 1818–1980,” university of leeds school of bess and enoic studies, discsion paper series, june 1994, 1; toyo nka kaisha, the dian tton facts 1930 (bobay: toyo nka kaisha ltd, 1930), np

2 在这条线开通之际，英国总督本人把新的事态明确地与美国内战联系起来。“openg of the khaaon railway,” tis of dia , arch 11, 1870, reprted oulvie syed ahdi ali, hyderabad affairs , vol 4 (bobay: prted at the tiaon see al john henry rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 (bobay: prted at the education ciety’s press, 1869), 98ff, 131; a c lydall, gazetteer for the haidarabad assigned districts, only called berar (boroup v/27/65/112, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

3 haywood to ssers osley and hurst, anchester, ay 15, 1861, as reprted tis of dia , july 18, 1861, 3 very siir al tton supply reporter (june 15, 1861): 530; “tton districts of berar and raichove doab,” dia office, london, to governor uncil bobay, deceber 17, 1862, pition no 119, pitions, vol 26, 1862–1864, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai; j b sith (stockport) hansard’s parliantary debates , third series, vol 167, june 19, 1862 (london: rneli buck, 1862), 761; tton supply reporter (january 2, 1865); arthur w silver, anchester n and dian tton, 1847–1872 (anchester: anchester university press, 1966), 179; prted letter froovernriculture and ned districts, dia, departriculture, reports, 1876–1891, rerd group v/24, file 4266, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

4 e rehart, volkart brothers: oration of the seventy-fifth anniversary of the foundation (terthur: np, 1926); the volkart’s united press pany liited, dossier 10, volkart archives, terthur, switzernd 关于从福尔卡特兄弟公司角度看印度棉花贸易的发展情况，见 jakob brack-liechti, “ei betrachtunn uber den dischen bauwollarkt a &228;lterer zeit, 2321918,” volkart archives; saloon volkart to “bobay,” terthur, arch 17, 1870, and saloon volkart to “bobay,” terthur, ay 27, 1870, rrespondence of saloon volkart, send py book, terthur, 1865–1867, volkart archives

5 hyderabad assigned districts, nd rerds and agriculture departnt, report on the rail and road-borne trade the hyderabad assigned districts for the year 1894–95 (hyderabad: residency governnt press, 1895), appendix b; xan d satya, tton and fae berar, 1850–1900 (new delhi: ned districts, nd rerds and agriculture departned districts for the year 1882–83 (hyderabad: residency governroup v/24, reports, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; rrespondence of saloon volkart, send py book, terthur, 1865–1867, volkart archives, terthur, switzernd; the volkart’s united press pany liy of events bobay,” dossier 3, bobay 1:4, volkart archives; walter h ra pany (frankfurt a, 1991), 72; kaisha, the dian tton facts 1930 , 50–51; prted letter froovernriculture and ned districts, nd rerds and agriculture departned districts for the year 1877–78 (hyderabad: residency governroup v/24, reports, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; kagotani naoto, “up-untry purchase activities of dian raw tton by toyo rove, rcial works odern asia (curzon: richond, 2001), 199, 200

6 christof dejung, “the boundaries of western power: the lonial tton eno and niels p petersn, eds, the foundations of ide enolobal e university press, 2012), 148

7 dougs e haynes, “arket foration khandeshh, 1820–1930,” dian enoic and cial history review 36, no 3 (1999): 294; asiatic review (october 1, 1914): 294; c a bayly, the birth of the odern world, 1780–1914 (oxford: bckwell, 2004), 138; dwijendra tripathi, “an echo beyond the horizon: the effect of arican civil war on dia,” t k ravdran, ed, journal of dian history: golden jubilee vo (trivandru: university of kera, 1973), 660; es the export unity 1850 to 1880,” k n chaudhuri and clive dewey, eds, enoy and ciety: essays dian enoic and cial history (delhi: oxford university press, 1979), 163–96; arika vicziany, “the tton trade and the rcial developnt of bobay, 1855–75” (phd dissertation, university of london, 1975), 170–71

8 arnold wright, ed, entieth century iypt: its history, people, reater brita publishg pany, 1909), 285; alexander kitroeff, the greeks egypt, 1919–1937 (oxford: iddle east centre, oxford university, 1989), 76, 86; cante ans de beur: the kafr-el-zayat tton pany ltd, 1894–1944 , rare books and special llections library, aenikou proxeniou tis egyptou 1883–1913 (athens: np, 1915), 169–70

9 lte toks&246;z, “the &199;ukurova: froriculture, 1800–1908” (phd dissertation, state university of new york at bghaton, 2000), 103, 106, 120, 125, 137, 174, 191, 193, 245; w f bruck, turkische bauirtschaft: ee kolonialwirtschaftliche und -politische untersuchung (jena: gtav fischer, 1919), 9; willias of the unera, 1880–1911 (albuere: university of new xi press, 1994), 48; charles s aiken, the tton pntation uth sce the civil war (baltiore: johns hopks university press, 1998), 60

10 l tuffly ellis, “the revotionizg of the texas tton trade, 1865–1885,” uthwestern historical arterly 73, no 4 (1970): 479

11 harold d woode after the civil war,” arican historical review 71, no 4 (1966): 1220ff, 1236; ellis, “the revotionizg of the texas tton trade,” 505

12 woode after the civil war,” 1223, 1228, 1231, 1239; bradstreet’s: a journal of trade, fance and public enoy 11 (february 14, 1885): 99–100; john r killick, “the transfor the te neteenth century: alexander sprunt and n of wilton, nc, 1884–1956,” bess history review 55, no 2 (sur 1981): 162, 168

13 killick, “atntic and far eastern odels the tton trade,” 17; thoha wiln, 1886), 280

14 see, for exaple, albert c stevens, “‘futures’ the wheat arket,” arterly journal of enoics 2, no 1 (october 1887): 37–63; jonathan ira levy, “nte and the problee the united states, 1875–1905,” arican historical review 111, no 2 (april 2006): 314; alston hill garside, tton goes to reat dtry (new york: stokes, 1935), 166 关于不来梅导入期货贸易的讨论，见 w ii, 3, bauwollterer , february 4, 1914

15 alfred chandler, the visible hand (cae, a: harvard university press, 1977), 214; kenh j lipartito, “the new york tton exchan and the developnt of the tton futures 1983): 54

16 lipartito, “the new york tton exchan,” 53; garside, tton goes to arket , 133, 166

17 garside, tton goes to arket , 54–55, 68, 145

18 jauessers’: crop forecasters and the rationalizg of uncertaty ahoff, philip scranton, and uwe spieker and rave s reports prograricultural history 68, no 2 (sprg 1994): 147; n jasny, “proposal for revision of agricultural statistics,” journal of far enoics 24, no 2 (,” journal of political enoy 13, no 4 (septericulture, bureau of statistics, the tton-grog untries; production and trade (roriculture, 1922)

19 urces for the data the graph for the years 1820–1850 are: 1820—tables of revenue, popution, do and its dependencies, part i, fro 1820 to 1831, both csive (london: willia clowes, 1833), 65, 67, 70; richard burn, statistics of the tton trade: arrand a tabur forical history of its vario ventions, iprovents, etc, etc (london: sireat brita , 63–64; t bazley, “tton anufacture,” encyclopaedia britannica , 8th ed, vol 7 (edburgh: bck, 1854), 453; rs g sandberg, ncashire decle: a study entrepreneurship, technology, and ternational trade (b: ohio state university press, 1974), 142, 145, 254–62; andrew ure, the tton ated …with an troductory view of its parative state foreign untries , vol 1 (new york: johnn reprt rp, 1970), 65–70, 328; andrew ure, the tton ated …with an troductory view of its parative state foreign untries , vol 2 (new york: johnn reprt rp, 1970), 328; i watts, “tton,” encyclopaedia britannica , 9th ed, vol 6 (edburgh: bck, 1877), 503–4

20 auha, “the decle of dia’s tton handicrafts, 1800–1905: a antitative acro-study,” calcutta historical journal 17 (1995): 44; table no 29, “vae of the prcipal articles of rchandise and treasure in untries, each of the years ended 30th april,” statistical abstracts retg to british dia fro 1840 to 1865 (london: her lish tton dtry and the world sandberg, “ovents the ality of british tton textile exports, 1815–1913,” journal of enoic history 28, no 1 (arch 1968): 1–27

21 diary of voya to calcutta, rerd group ss eur f 349, box 1, richard kay papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; diary and notebook, alhabad, 1820, rerd group ss eur f 349, box 3, richard kay papers, oriental and dia office llections, british library; asiatic journal and ister , new series, 16 (january–april 1835): 125; report of the bobay chaazette press, 1853), 23

22 elena frangakis, “the ottohteenth and early neteenth centuries, 1695–1820,” revue de l’oident ulan et de yptian textile workers: fro european petition to proletarians ntendg with the state,” lex heera van voss, els hiestra-kuper, and elise van nederveen ate panion to the history of textile workers, 1650–2000 (burlgton, vt: ashgate, 2010), 176; patricia davin and patrick harries, “tton weavg uth-east africa: its history and technology,” dale idiens and k g pontg, eds, textiles of africa (bath: pald research fund, 1980), 189; g p c tho,” i j baou, ed, beeen developeneva: librairie droz, 1991), 275; robert a potash, overnnt and dtrial developnt the early republic: the ban de avio (a ward, xi (london: h lburn, 1829), 60; robert cliver as cited by prasannan parthasarathi, “global trade and textile workers,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 570

23 gisborne to joshua bates, walton, october 15, 1832, hoe rrespondence, hc 63, dia and dian ocean, 1, g barg archive, london; ralph w hidy, the hoe of barg alish e, brothers liverpool to barg brothers london, augt 1, 1836, hoe rrespondence, hc 335, 2, g barg archive the brown brothers engad the export of oods as well d willias, “liverpool rchants and the tton trade, 1820–1850” j r harris, ed, liverpool and rseyside: essays the enoic and cial history of the port and its hternd (london: frank cass & , 1969), 197; john a kouwenhoven, partners bankg: an historical portrait of a great private bank, brown brothers harriarden city: doubleday & , 1967), 41; see al report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1852–53 , 24; letterbook, 1868–1869, papers of roup ck, box 2/2/23, john rynds library, anchester; letterbook, ay 1814 to septeroup ck, box 2/2/5, john rynds library; dotter to fielden brothers, calcutta, october 17, 1840, rrespondence reted to roup fdn, box 1/15, papers of fielden brothers, john rynds library

24 stephen broadberry and bishnupriya gupta, “tton textiles and the great divernce: ncashire, dia and shiftg petitive advanta, 1600–1850: the neglected role of factor prices,” enoic history review 62, no 2 (ay 2009): 285; ji atn, “dedtrialization or peripheralization? the case of tton textiles dia, 1750–1950,” sugata bose, ed, uth asia and world capitalis (new york: oxford university press, 1990), 215

25 bobay chaber of rce, report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1852–53 , 23; j forbes watn, llection of specins and ilstrations of the textile anufacturers of dia (send series) (london: dia eu, 1873), library of the royal asiatic ciety library of bobay, ubai; part a, no 1, noveber 1906, 1, dtries branch, departnt of rce and dtry, national archives of dia, new delhi very siir al r e enthoven, the tton fabrics of the bobay presidency (bobay: np, 1897)

26 “report on the native tton -po” (cha), pitions vol 75, 1887, pition no 919, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai; the thirty-fifth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester, for the year 1855 (e robn & papers, rerd group sf 3822r1, anchester archives and local studies, reat divernce,” 285; atn, “dedtrialization or peripherialization?” 215; karl els, aufstand dien (berl: dietz verg, 1978 [1853]), 2; konrad specker, “adras handloos the neteenth century,” tirthankar roy, ed, cloth and rce: textiles lonial dia (walnut creek, ca: altat, “letters on the trade with dia,” asiatic journal (septeber–deceber 1832): 256, as oted edward baes, history of the tton reat brita (london: h fisher, r fisher, and p jackn, 1835), 81–82 有趣的是，baes 赞许地引用了这些孟加拉商人的话。他没有提供这封信的任何来源，也没有提供这117个商人的任何名字。另见 arno s pearse, the tton dtry of dia, beg the report of the journey to dia (art, evans, 1930), 20

27 guha, “the decle of dia’s tton handicrafts,” 56; oted tis of dia , overnd suary, july 8, 1864, 4; tis of dia , overnd suary, october 29, 1863, 1; see al j talboys wheeler, assistant secretary to the governnt of dia, “orandu on the effect of the rise tton upon the anufactured article,” deceber 15, 1864, as reprted tis of dia , overnd suary, january 13, 1865, 3

28 a j dunlop to the secretary of the chaber of s, part b, novericulture and rce departarrett, ned districts (new delhi: residency governs, part b, nos 22–23, noveber 1887, fibres and silk branch, departriculture, national archives of dia; rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 , 35

29 the thirty-nth annual report of the board of directors of the chaber of rce and anufactures at anchester, for the year 1859 (anchester: cave and sever, 1860), 22–23

30 nitya naraven banerjei, al secretariat press, 1898), 2, 8; “fal report on the fae of 1896/97 the bobay presidency,” 1898, pitions vol 8, revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai

31 donald ataert, “the ottoate panion to the history of textile workers , 480; on cha see the brilliant piece by jab eyferth, “won’s work and the politics of hospun cialist cha, 1949–1980,” ternational review of cial history (2012): 9–10; d c ptt, t arica and british trade, 1806–1914 (london: ada & charles bck, 1972), 16; rs sundstr&246;uea (nd: h&229;kan ohlsns boktryckerei, 1965), 160; part a, no 1, noveber 1906, 1, dtries branch, departnt of rce and dtry, national archives of dia, new delhi

32 specker, “adras handloos the neteenth century,” 185; bobay chaber of rce, report of the bobay chaber of rce for the year 1852–53 , 27; report, part c, no 1, arch 1906, dtries branch, rce and dtry departnt, national archives of dia, new delhi; tirthankar roy, “the long globalization and textile producers dia,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 266; andhi, the dian tton textile dtry: its past, present and future (calcutta: g n itra, 1930), 82

33 be, “egyptian textile workers,” 181; ataert, “the ottoan epire, 1650–1922,” 479–80; for africa, see y, petition, and african crafts,” clive dewey and a g hopks, eds, the iperial ipact: studies the enoic history of africa and dia (london: athlone press, 1978), 267; part a, no 1, noveber 1906, 3, dtries branch, departnt of rce and dtry, national archives of dia, new delhi

34 robert cliver, “cha,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 111

35 letter to the secretary of the revenue departe, noveber 21, 1843, revenue branch, revenue departnt, national archives of dia, new delhi

36 petition of the weavers of the chgleput district pg agast the loo tax the adras presidency, june 8, 1844, revenue branch, revenue departnt, national archives of dia, new delhi

37 roy, “the long globalization and textile producers dia,” 259; guha, “the decle of dia’s tton handicrafts,” 55; atn, “dedtrialization or peripheralization?” 215

38 papers retg to tton cultivation dia, ss eur f 78, 106, wood llection, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london a siir story can al be found tit 24, 1863, 1 see al riculture, revenue and rce, fibres and silk branch, to the horiculture and rce departnt, fibres and silk branch, june 1874, no 41/42, part b, national archives of dia, new delhi; tis of dia , overnd suary, april 27, 1864, 5, noveber 13, 1864, 3, and noveber 28, 1864, 1; peter harty, “the iperialis of free trade: ncashire, dia, and the tton supply estion, 1861–1865,” journal of british studies 6, no 1 (noveber 1966): 92; tiyptian tton and the arican civil war,” political science arterly 41, no 4 (1926): 521; tiypt, techno-politics, odernity (berkeley: university of california press, 2002), 66

39 orhan kur, “the tton fa-an, the ottoe university press, 1987), 165, 166, 168; an richards, egypt’s agricultural develope (boulder, : westview press, 1982), 55; itchell, rule of experts , 60–64

40 rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 , 132; john aiton todd, the world’s tton crops (london: a & c bck, 1915), 429–32 david hall-ies of the ar district, bobay presidency, c 1870–1884,” dian enoic and cial history review 36, no 3 (1999): 303–33; sa a series of letters written froha, wiln, 1863), 12–13; allen isaaan and richard roberts, “tton, lonialis, and cial history sub-saharan africa,” allen isaaan and richard roberts, eds, tton, lonialis, and cial history sub-saharan africa (portsress , 126; je raul lva, el “oro bn” en arnta (buenos aires: editorial calidad, 1946), 15

41 data taken fro “dex nuovernnt of dia central publication branch, 1928, suary tables iii and vi, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london 关于世界市场整合引起的新不确定性，另见 a e neln, central provces district gazetteers, ae, 1911), 226, rerd group v/27/65/6, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; hall-ies of the riculture, revenue and rce, fibres and silk branch, to the hos, part b, june 1874, no 41/42, fibres and silk branch, agriculture and rce departnt, revenue, national archives of dia, new delhi; frenise a logan, “dia’s loss of the british tton arket after 1865,” journal of uthern history 31, no 1 (1965): 46; 世卫组织援引 sir trevelyan 在1863年预算报表中的话说，“只有将以前用于粮食种植的大部分土地转用于出口产品的生产，才能满足出口产品的需求”cited iltud thoas prichard, the adistration of dia, froypt see e r j owen, tton and the egyptian enoy, 1820–1914: a study trade and developnt (oxford: crendon press, 1969), 159; for brazil see is rdelio barbosa, “tton 19th century brazil: dependency and developton, 1989), 31, 95–102, 105–8, 142; see al ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, official report of the ternational ngress, held egypt, 1927 (anchester: ternational federation of aster tton spners’ and anufacturers’ asciations, 1927), 99

42 rivett-carnac, report of the tton departnt for the year 1868–69 , 52

43 barbosa, “tton 19th century brazil,” 105 饥荒和棉花农业扩展之间的关系见 sandip hazareesgh, “tton, cliate and lonialis dharestern dia, 1840–1880,” journal of historical ography 38, no 1 (2012): 16 关于19世纪末的饥荒的一般情况，见 ike davis, te victorian holocats: el ni&241;o fa of the third world (new york: ver, 2001), 7; neln, central provces district gazetteers, araoti district , vol a “the scarcity of 1896–97 was caed by high prices and not by faire of crops,” reported the deputy issioner of the ako district ( berar) to the dian fae ission see dian fae ission, “appendix, evidence of witnesses, berar,” report of the dian fae ures see dian fae ission, “appendix, evidence of witnesses, berar,” report of the dian fae ission , 54, 213 total ortality beeen deceata bose, “ponderg poverty, fightg faes: towards a new history of enounts for a better world: essays honor of aartya sen (new york: oxford university press, 2009), 428

44 itchell, rule of experts , 63–64; on the riots see neil charlesworth, “the yth of the dean riots of 1875,” odern asian studies 6, no 4 (1972): 401–21; dean riots ricultural csses bobay and other parts of dia (bobay: dean riots ission, 1876); report of the overnnt central press, 1876); roderick j baran, “the brazilian peasantry reexaed: the iplications of the ebra-ilo revolt, 1874–1875,” hispanic arican historical review 57, no 3 (1977): 401–24; arando uto aior, ebra-ilos: tas ciais no outono do ipério (s&227;o paulo: panhia editora nacional, 1978) 埃及农民也感受到了加税的压力，他们在这个过程中损失了他们在内战期间积累的大部分利润。see owen, tton and the egyptian enoeneral central dia, to the revenue and agriculture departs, part b, nos 14–54, novericulture, national archives of dia, new delhi; wady e anisation agrile en égypte (cairo: a ghern, 1900), 16, 20–21; williaanisation of tton production and the dynauna, xi, 1910–1816,” journal of t ae of progress , 132–34

45 棉花问题对反殖民政治的重要性也可以追溯到 file 4, rrespondence, g k gokhale, 1890–1911, servants of dia ciety papers, nehru orial library, new delhi; rrespondence, sir pherozeshah hta papers, nehru orial library

第12章　新棉花帝国主义

1 departn trade of the epire of japan (tokyo: koide, nd), 310; departn trade of the epire of japan (tokyo: koide, nd), 397; departn trade of the epire of japan , part i (tokyo: np, nd), 397; tohei sawayo (tokyo: enzai to shorai, nd, ton, dc; 关于日本开始在殖民时期的朝鲜增加棉花种植的原因略有不同的说法可参见 carter j eckert, offsprg of es of korean capitaliston press, 1991), 134

2 dai-nihon boseki rengokai ppo 173 (january 25, 1906): 1–2; annual report for 1907 on reforeneral, 1908), 84; eckert, offsprg of epire , 134–5

3 eckert, offsprg of eress chosen (keijo: governeneral of chosen, 1914), 153; departn trade of the epire of japan (tokyo: koide, nd), 629; tton departnt, toyo nka kaisha lts, the dian tton facts (bobay: np, nd), japanese tton spners asciation library, university of osaka

4 rji sangyo chosa kyoku [special departnt of research on dtries], chosen ni okeru nka ni kansuru chosa seiseki [the research on tton korea] (augt 1918), 1; eckert, offsprg of ericulture and riculture], nka ni kansuru chosa [the research on tton] (tokyo: no-shou sho noji shikenjyo, 1905), 1–3, 76–83, chapter 2; chosen tokufu norkyoku, chosen no nogyo (keijyo: chosen tokufu norkyoku, 1934), 66–73

5 nihon yo kurabu, 1931), 231, 233; annual report for 1912–13 , 145, 153; annual report for 1915–16 , 107; annual report for 1921–22 , 263; departnt of fance of japan, alien) with chosen (korea) (tokyo: np, 1915), 24–25

6 for this shift of nceptions of vereignty see henry suner ae, ancient w: its nnection with the early history of ciety, and its retion to odern ideas (new york: henry holt and pany, 1864); for a very terestg discsion on these issues see al doreen stig, “tracg the origs of the responsibility gap of besses ternational w, 1870–1919” (unpublished paper, tel aviv university w school, ay 2012, author’s possession) retion passed by the anchester tton supply asciation, reprted aze and rcial review 44, no 6 (june 1861): 678; arthur redford, n trade, 1794–1858 (anchester: anchester university press, 1934), 217, 227; kolonial-wirtschaftliches kond tton nd tton anufacturers’ asciation , vol 73 (waltha, a: np, 1902), 182

7 for the price crease and a very good exploration of these events and their ilobalization and epire the atntic world, 1901–1920” (phd dissertation, university of rochester, 2010), 41–54; see al edund d orel, affairs of west africa (london: willia heeann, 1902), 191; kolonial-wirtschaftliches ko fur dtrie, handel und ndwirtschaft,” ancript, r 8024/37, kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee, vario letters, 1914, bundesarchiv, berl; for the notion of a “send tton fae” see christian brannstroanizations brazil’s raphy 36, no 2 (april 2010): 169

8 orel, affairs , 191; edward b barbier, scarcity and frontiers: how enoh natural reurce exploitation (new york: careat nd rh and the ill–een’s university press, 2003)

9 uriel joffe, “autocracy, capitalisation,” rsian review 54, no 3 (july 1995): 367; rosen is oted ariya konstantovna rozhkova, ekonoo pravitel’stva na sredne vostoke vo vtoroi chetverti xix veka i rskaya burzhuaziya (osw: izd akadeii nauk sssr, 1949), 100; 关于早先希望中亚能够为俄国提供棉花，见 pavel nebol’s, ocherki tovli rossii s srednei aziei (sat petersburg: tipografia iperatorskoi akadeii nauk, 1855), 18, 22, 25, 27; 纺织品制造商 aleksandr shipov 早在1857年就强调取得中亚棉花的重要性；见 aleksandr shipov, khlopchatobuazhnaia proyshlennost’ i vazhnost’ e znacheniia v rossii , otd i (osw: tt volkov & , 1857), 49–50; see charles willian affairs 82, no 2 (arch/april 2003): 120; ariya konstantovna rozhkova, ekonoody xix veka (osw: izd-vo akadeii nauk sssr, 1963), 54–55, tables 9–10

10 ote rozhkova, ekonoicheskiie , 64–65, 150–52; a pood (or 3524 pounds) of asian tton was ld for 775 rubles 1861, but by 1863 the price had creased to ore than 22 rubles; p a khroov, ekonoicheskoe razvitie rossii v xix-xx vekakh: 1800–1917 (os izd politicheskoi literatury, 1950), 183; 在一些地区，例如在 erivan gubernia（高加索），内战期间棉花产量增加了近十倍，从1861年的30000 poods 增加到1870年的273000 poods；k a pazhitnov, ocherki istorii tesktil’ noi proyshlennosti dorrevolyutsionnoi rossii: khlopchato-buazhnaya l’no-pen’ kovaya i shelkovaya proyshlennost (osw: izd akadeii nauk ssr, 1958), 98; rozhkova, ekonoiceskie , 55–61; see, 关于俄国中亚地区棉花农业的扩张，见, joffe, “autocracy,” 365–88; julia obertreis, i uthern central asia, 1860s to 1991 (unpublished ancript, 2009), chapter 1, 23; oskva , february 1, 1867; 1866年1月8日，沙皇亚历山大二世收到了财政部长写的一份支持对中亚施加更大影响的备忘录，其中列出了一批俄国资本家的名字，包括一些著名的棉花业主，例如 ivan khdov & ns, savva orozov & ns, vl tertyakov, and d i roanovskii; see n a khalf, priedenie srednei azii k rossii: 60–90 gody xix v (osw: nauka, 1965), 211; 关于对俄国帝国主义的一般讨论，见 andreas kappeler, the rsian eeyer, der rsische i von nerer und aw&228;rtir politik, 1860–1914 (g&246;ttn: vandenhoeck & ruprecht, 1977); thoas c owen, “the rsian dtrial ciety and tsarist enoic policy,” journal of enoitte loehr, die zukunft rsnds (wiesbaden: franz steer verg, 1985), 73; joffe, “autocracy,” 372; bruno bieder der rsischen bauener produktion” (phd dissertation, university of heidelberg, 1907), 106

11 shtaba l kostenko, sredni aia aziia i vodvorenie v nei rskoi grazgdanstvennosti (sat petersburg: bezobrazova i ko, 1871), 221; tho und oskau und die rsische zolltarifpolitik, 1850–1891: ee vergleichende regionalstudie (giessen: fachverg koehler, 1998), 213, 215; stt c levi, the dian diaspora central asia and its trade, 1550–1900 (leiden: brill, 2002), 249; jeff sahadeo, “cultures of tton and lonialis: politics, ciety, and the environnt central asia, 1865–1923” (presentation, arican asciation for the advancent of svic studies annual nvention, toronto, novee n curzon, rsia central asia 1889 and the anglo-rsian estion (london: cass, 1967), 405–7; biederation see al obertreis, iperial desert dreas ; john whitan, “turkestan tton iperial rsia,” arican svic and east european review 15, no 2 (april 1956): 194–95, 199; oritz schanz, “die bauwolle rsisch-asien,” beihefte zu tropenpfnzer 15 (1914): 8

12 obertreis, iperial desert dreas , chapter 1, 74ff; 这些冲突最好在灌溉问题上加以讨论；见 joffe, “autocracy,” 369, 387; whitan, “turkestan tton,” 194, 198, 201; 1887年至1899年期间，俄国中亚、布哈拉和希亚省专门从事棉花农业的领土增加了五倍；an zu, deceber 26, 1913, r 150f, fa 1, 360, bundesarchiv, berl; the “tton lony” ote can be found i liashchenko, istoriia narodnogo khoziaistva sssr , vol 2 (os izd polit literatury, 1956), 542; “handelsbericht des kaiserlichen konsuts fur das jahr 1909,” deutsches handels-archiv , eiter teil: berichte uber das and, 1911 (berl: ernst siegfried ittler und hn, 1911), 168; schanz, “die bauarden of asia and its people (new york: charles scribner’s ns, 1915), v; el r christie, through kiva to golden saarkand (london: seeley, service & , 1925), 204; karl supf, “zur baue,” kolonial-wirtschaftliches koo (no date, but probably 1900), 4–6, file 332, rerd group r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loately, “the developnt of the rsian tton textile dtry the pre-revotionary years, 1861–1913” (phd dissertation, university of kansas, 1968), 169

13 augt etienne, die baura der deutschen ubersee-politik (berl: h paetal, 1902), 35, 36, 37, 41; harper’s weekly 报道称，“乌兹别克斯坦可以感谢美国内战”，因为它对棉花的强烈依赖；见 harper’s weekly , april 2002, 42

14 etienne, die bauwollzucht , 28

15 ibid, 13

16 bieder,” 12; “tton british east africa,” iperial and asiatic arterly review , third series, 24 (july–october 1907): 84; robert ed buehler, “die unabh&228;ngigkeitsbestrebunn engnds, frankreichs und deutschnds ihrer bau” (phd dissertation, university of zurich, 1929), 57

17 oldha aster tton spners’ asciation, report of the deceroup 6/2/1–61, papers of the oldha aster tton spners’ asciation, john rynds library, en,” 68; british tton grog asciation, send annual report, for the year endg augt 31st, 1906 (anchester: head office, 1906), 8, 10; rrespondence, file 1, files retg to the tton dtry, british tton grog asciation, 2/5, old, papers of the oldha textile eployers’ asciation, 1870–1960, john rynds library, anchester; orel, affairs ; for an excellent review of the activities of the british tton grog asciation, see jonathan robs, “‘the bck an’s crop’: tton, iperialis and public-private developnt brita’s african lonies, 1900–1918,” paper 11, the open university and london tropolitan university, septeber 2009; oldha aster tton spners’ asciation, report of the deceber 31, 1901 (oldha: thoas dornan, 1902), 4, john rynds library, asciation, 2/6, old, papers of the oldha textile eployers’ asciation, 1870–1960, john rynds library, anchester; n ence departnt, tton british west africa (london: federation of british dtries, 1920); john harris, parliawick, boston, noven anti-svery and aboriges protection ciety, 143, bodleian library of onwealth & african studies, university of oxford; john harris to 446, papers of the british and foreign anti-svery and aboriges protection ciety, rhodes hoe library, oxford; d edwards-radclyffe, “raie, the textile of the future,” iperial and asiatic arterly review , third series, 20 (july–october 1905): 47

18 frédéric enl-dollf, production du ton (paris: paul dupont, 1867); faidherbe 将军在1889年曾说：“种植棉花是殖民地成功最有力的因素。”, 见 neral faidherbe, le sénégal: france dans l’afrie oidentale (paris: librairie hachette, 1889), 102; asciation tonnière loniale, annexe au bullet no 3: les ton digènes du dahoaniche, 1904); charles brunel, le ton en algérie (alr: irile, 1910); 关于法国对殖民地棉花的兴趣，另见 ed c achard, “le ton en cilivie et en syrie,” l’asie fran&231;aise (june 1922), supplent; docunts énoies, polities & scientifies, 19–64; bullet de l’union des agriculteurs d’égypte 159 (ue of the library of the ciété dtrielle de en: wochenschrift fur deutsches leben , ay 1, 1911, 1

19 sven beckert, the onied tropolis: new york city and the nlidation of the ae university press, 2001), 87–89; j de rdova, the cultivation of tton texas (london: j kg & , 1858), 3, 9, 24; national asciation of tton s of a nvention held the city of new york, wednesday, april 29, 1868, for the purpose of anizg the national asciation of tton anufacturers and pnters (boston: prentiss & dend, 1868); new engnd tton nd tton anufacturers’ asciation , vol 73 (walthand tton nd tton nd tton nd tton anufacturers’ asciation , vol 79 (1905), 159

20 see al henry l abbott, “the lownds of the axy 5 (april 1868): 452; national asciation of tton anufacturers and pnters, articles of asciation and by-ws adopted by the national asciation of tton anufacturers and pnters, april 29, 1868 (boston: prentiss & dend, 1968); national asciation of tton s of the first annual of the national asciation of tton anufacturers and pnters, held the city of new york, wednesday, june 30, 1869 (boston: w l dend & , 1869), 17; f w lorg and c f atkn, tton culture and the uth nsidered with reference to end tton nd tton anufacturers’ asciation , vol 76 (1904), 104 on africa see allen isaaan and richard roberts, “tton, lonialis, and cial history sub-saharan africa,” allen isaaan and richard roberts, eds, tton, lonialis, and cial history sub-saharan africa (portsesellschaft erany; xan d satya, tton and fae berar (new delhi: anohar, 1997), 55; thadde raye early lonial tanzania (portsee to togo: the proble of freedo the epire of tton,” journal of arican history 92, no 2 (septeyptian tton and the arican civil war,” political science arterly 41, no 4 (1926): 520; westen: wochenschrift fur deutsches leben , ay 1, 1911, 1; kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen 1902/1903 (berl: kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee, 1903), 5

21 oulvi syed ahdi ali, ed, hyderabad affairs , vol 3 (bouardian , june 30, 1882, 4; earle, “egyptian tton,” 544; edward ror john owen, tton and the egyptian enoy, 1820–1914: a study trade and developnt (oxford: crendon press, 1969), 89, 130, 141, 213ff, 247

22 lte toks&246;z, “the &199;ukurova: froriculture, 1800–1908” (phd dissertation, state university of new york at bghaation north-east brazil (caer l cunniff, “the great drought: northeast brazil, 1877–1880” (phd dissertation, university of texas at at, 1970), 79, 83, 87, 88, 89, 91–95; ternational stitute of agriculture, statistical bureau, the tton-grog untries: production and trade (roriculture, 1922), 125

23 peru, 1890–1920: the ndor valley,” agricultural history 65, no 1 (ter 1991): 53, 55; ofica nacional de agricultura, el algodon, struiones agris (buenos aires: penitenciaria nacional, 1897), 1; alejandro e bun, s dtrias del norte: ntribucion al estudio de una nueva politica enoenta (buenos aires: np, 1922), 212ff; hez e ptte, “baubtt 20, no 1 (january 1924): 19

24 toks&246;z, “&199;ukurova,” 99; weaver, great nd rh , 4

25 see neral, jurn osterhaen , 6th ed (unich: beck, 2009), 10–11; on the specifics see secretary of the terior, agriculture of the united states 1860: piled froovern office, 1864), 185, aessed riculture, national agricultural statistics service, aessed april 28, 2009, ; 由于没有关于1860年种植棉花的确切领土范围的数字，我假定生产力不变，以估计种植额外棉花所需的额外土地。南卡罗来纳州面积为20484000英亩。

26 gav wright, old uth, new uth: revotions the uthern enoe: louisiana state university press, 1996), 34ff, 57; secretary of the terior, agriculture of the united states 1860: piled froovern office, 1864), 185, aessed riculture, national agricultural statistics service, aessed april 28, 2009, ; charles s aiken, the tton pntation uth sce the civil war (baltiore: johns hopks university press, 1998), 59; jas c bb, the ost uthern pce on earth: the ional identity (new york: oxford university press, 1992), viii, 95, 99, 100; gav wright, “agriculture the uth,” glenn porter, ed, encyclopedia of arican enoic history: studies of the prcipal ovents and ideas , vol 1 (new york: charles schribner’s ns, 1980), 382; devra weber, dark sweat, white gold: california far workers, tton, and the new deal (berkeley: university of california press, 1994), 17–21

27 us departnt of rce, us cens bureau, statistical abstracts of the united states, 1921 (washgton, dc: governone to texas: a history of the lone star state (new york: oxford university press, 2003), 306, 308, 311

28 ray allen billgton, ard expansion: a history of the arican frontier (new york: ailn, 1967), 659, 666

29 hoayne an, okhoa: a bicentennial history (new york: norton, 1977), 42, 81, 91, 48, 49, 58, 147; united states departricultural statistics service, aessed april 28, 2009, ; us departriculture, 1909 and 1910, reports by states, with statistics for unties, nebraska-wyo,” thirteenth cens of the united states taken the year 1910 , vol 7 (washgton, dc: govern office, 1913), 381; eric v e bor, and resistant adaptation,” western historical arterly 34, no 4 (ter 2003): 480; daniel h ner, dian work: ngua and livelihood native ae, a: harvard university press, 2009), 55

30 关于这个问题的讨论，见 sven beckert, “space atters: eurafrica, the arican epire, and the territorialization of european capitalisress)

31 gunter kirchha, “das wachstu der deutschen bauwolldtrie i 19 jahr-hundert: ee historische ” (phd dissertation, university of er, verzeichnis der i deutschen reiche auf bauart: wilhelhtly lower nubauproduktion deutschnd 1850–1914 (st kathaten: scripta , 1989), 403; handbuch der wirtschaftskunde deutschnds , vol 3 (leipzig: teubner, 1904), 602; 确实令人着迷的是，在许多方面，更重要的棉花产业在我们对19世纪末德国的历史记忆中所起的作用要小得多。另见 karl supf, “zur baue,” kolonial-wirtschaftliches koo (no date, but probably 1900), 4–6, file 332, rerd group r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, icrofil py bundesarchiv, berl; kaiserliches statistisches at, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich , vol 23 (berl: puttkar & uhlbrecht, 1902), 24; 1903年，殖民地经济委员会报告，德国有100万工人依赖棉花产业；看见 kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee, deutsch-koloniale , 5; 棉花产业的产值1913年达到22亿马克，成为德国最重要的产业之一。见 andor kertész, die textildtrie deutschnds i, 1915), 13 see al kaiserliches statistisches at, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich , vol 22 (berl: np, 1901), 135; thadde sunseri, “the baueran east africa,” central european history 34, no 1 (arch 2001): 35; for iport statistics see reichs-enete fur die bauen i, heft 1, 56–58; kaiserliches statistisches at, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich , vol 1 (berl: np, 1880), 87; kaiserliches statistisches at, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich , vol 20 (berl: np, 1899), 91

32 see, for exa des togobietes,” der tropenpfnzer: zeitschrift fur tropische ndwirtschaft 3 (july 1899): 320; sven beckert, “e the eb of tton production the a of the arican civil war,” arican historical review 109, no 5 (deceber 2004): 1427; c a bayly, the birth of the lobal nnections and parins (alden, a: bckwell, 2004), 161–65; kaiserliches statistisches at, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich , vol 15 (berl: np, 1894), 45; kaiserliches statistisches at, statistisches jahrbuch fur das deutsche reich , vol 20 (berl: np, 1899), 91

33 r henngs, “der bauwollkulturkapf,” zeitschrift fur kolonialpolitik, kolonialrecht und kolonialwirtschaft , vol 7 (1905), 906–14; sunseri, “baue,” 32; “die arbeit des kolonial-wirtschaftlichen koroup r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, e,” 49; on ran dearn-verbraucher an v ldeist, reichskoloniaroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl

34 buehler, “die unabh&228;lgigkeitsbestrebunn,” 23, 39; bieder,” 9; bericht der handelskar bren fur das jahr 1904 an den kaufannskonvent (bren: h haschild, 1905), 30

35 departn trade of the epire of japan , part i (tokyo: np, nd), 397; buehler, “die unabh&228;ngigkeitsbestrebunn,” 31; supf, “zur baue,” 8

36 supf, “zur baue,” 4–6, 8; e henrici, “der bauwollbau den deutschen kolonien,” der tropenpfnzer: zeitschrift fur tropische ndwirtschaft 3 (noveener, unsere zeitnossen, wer ist’s?: biographien nebst bibliographien (leipzig: np, 1911); calls for eno,” beihefte zu tropenpfnzer 16, no 1/2 (february 1916): 1–3, 71–73, 175–77; karl helfferich, “die baue: e irtschaftliches proble,” are-rundschau 15 (1904): 652; karl supf, “bericht iv, deutsch-koloniale bauen, 1903–1904” (1904), reprted der tropenpfnzer: zeitschrift fur tropische ndwirtschaft 8 (deceber 1904): 615; “die arbeit des kolonial-wirtschaftlichen koitees, 1896–1914”

37 sunseri, “bauo (neudao,” enclosure kaiserliches gouverneouverneur zech to reichskoloniaroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; “der bauer stand,” undated draft of an article, 8224, rerd group r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl, [illegible] to von bisroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; tony sreat brita, and the te-dtrializg world sce 1815 (new york: cae of epire, 1875–1914 (new york: pantheon, 1987), 34–55; isaaan and roberts, “tton, lonialis,” isaaan and roberts, eds, tton, lonialis white, “‘tawani, on the zabezi,” journal of african history 19, no 2 (1978): 244

38 kendahl radcliffe, “the tkee-togo tton sche, 1900–1909” (phd dissertation, university of california, los anles, 1998), 16; on ferdand goldberg see “bauebiet,” deutsches kolonialbtt 2 (1891): 320–21; eran terests lonial tton see donna j e aier, “persistence of prelonial patterns of production: tton rond, 1800–1914,” isaaan and roberts, eds, tton, lonialiseschichte der deutschen “e a, 1988), 433; for a of this story see sven beckert, “froo: the proble of freedo the epire of tton, journal of arican history 92 (septeber 2005),” 498–526; for a list of these pntations see kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee to handelskar bren, berl, july 23, 1913, “bauroup w ii, 3, handelskaerhard bleifs and rhard hernr&246;der, die “otto-pnta kilossa” (1907–1914): aufbau und ende ees kolonialen unternehen: schriftenreihe zur stadtschichte, 1993), 43, 59

39 “enurant pour culture aux lonies, du tton etc (1906–1908),” 9 affe, affairs énoie, archives d’outre-nents sur culture du ton, 1917, 9 affe, affairs énoie, archives d’outre-r; arie philiponeau, le ton et l’isiers: casbah editions, 2009), 114; thoas j bassett, the peasant tton revotion west africa: c&244;te d’ivoire, 1880–1995 (cae university press, 2001), 51, 52; richard roberts, “the ercion of free arkets: tton, peasants, and the lonial state the french udan, 1924–1932,” isaaan and roberts, eds, tton, lonialisue of nations, enoue of nations 193 0/31 (neva: series of league of nations publications, 1931), 108, aessed augt 3, 2009, ; a brixhe, le ton au ngo bel (bruxelles: direction de l’agriculture, des forêts et de l’éleva du istère des lonies, 1953), 13, 15, 19; secretary of the terior, agriculture of the united states 1860: piled froovern office, 1864), 185, aessed ay 25, 2009,

40 hutton, as oted robs, “the bck anda, 1900–1950: a case study of lonial governnt enoic policy” (phd dissertation, university of london, 1958), 12, 13; buehler, “die unabh&228;ngigkeitsbestrebunn,” 122; british tton grog asciation, send annual report, for the year endg augt 31st, 1906 (rog asciation see robs, “the bck asciation, send annual report, for the year endg augt 31st, 1906 , 32; league of nations, enoue of nations 193 0/31 (neva: series of league of nations publications, 1931), 108; secretary of the terior, agriculture of the united states 1860: piled froovern office, 1864), 185, aessed ay 25, 2009,

41 josef partsch, ed, ographie des welthandels (bresu: hirt, 1927), 209; b r itchell, ternational historical statistics: the astoke, uk: ailn, 2007), 222, 224, 227, 228; john a todd, the world’s tton crops (london: a & c bck, 1915), 395ff 421; herich kuhn, die bau (wien: hartleben, 1892), 69; john c branner, tton the epire of brazil; the antiity, ether with statistics of exportation and ho office, 1885), 23–27; national asciation of tton anufacturers, the year book of the national asciation of tton anufacturers and tton t 3, 2009, ; ternational stitute of agriculture, statistical bureau, the tton-grog untries: production and trade (roue of nations, enoue of nations 1939/40 (neva: series of league of nations publications, 1940), 122; united nations, departnt for enoic and cial affairs, statistics division, statistical yearbook , vol 4 (new york: departnt of enoic and cial affairs, statistical office, united nations, 1952), 72; united states departricultural service, table 04 tton area, yield, and production, aessed augt 3, 2009, ; bieder,” 3

42 revue des cultures loniales 12–13 (1903): 302

43 关于中亚，见 richard a pierce, rsian central asia, 1867–1917: a study lonial rule (berkeley: university of california press, 1960), 135–36; toks&246;z, “&199;ukurova,” 1, 13, 37, 79; osterhal, kolonialis , 17ff

44 nebol’s, ocherki tovli rossii , 25; kostenko, sredniaia aziia , 213

45 nebol’s, ocherki tovli rossii , 25; rozhkova, ekonoicheskiie , 68; whitan, “turkestan tton,” 199, 200; schanz, “die bau,” 72; sahadeo, “cultures,” 3

46 bieder,” 45, 46, 59

47 handelsbericht des kaiserlichen konsuts fur das jahr 1909, deutsches handels-archiv, eiter teil: berichte uber das and, jahrgang 1911 (berl: ernst siegfried ittler und hn, 1911), 168; whit,” 70; schanz, “die bauwolle,” 10, 50

48 whitan, “turkestan tton,” 200, 203; schanz, “die bauwolle,” 131

49 “british and rsian rcial petition central asia,” asiatic arterly review (london) 7 (january–april 1889): 439; whitan, “turkestan tton,” 202; e z volkov, daos izd, 1930), 40, 198–99, 208

50 kolonial-wirtschaftliches koes are based on and ee to togo” see al jaton, noveton papers, ton, dc; kolonial-wirtschaftliches koton, october 10, 1900, and deceton papers on the pns for the “bauwoll-expedition,” see al kolonial-wirtschaftliches ko des kolonialwirtschaftlichen koes von o, berl, ay 14, 1900, oktober 1898–oktober 1900, band 2, kolonial-wirtschaftliches koroup r 8023, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; on the epide see al booker t washgton, workgs with the hands (new york: doubleday, pa & pany, 1904), 226–30; louis r harn, “booker t washgton and the white an’s burden,” arican historical review 71, no 2 (january 1966): 441–67, 266–95; edward berro education 41, no 2 (sprg 1972): 99–112; w ton and african nationalis,” phylon 35, no 4 (deceee odel of developnt africa: another dinsion of the african/african-arican nnection,” diploatic history 16, no 3 (sur 1992): 371–87; ilfred c fierce, the pan-african idea the united states, 1900–1919: african-arican terest africa and teraction est africa (new york: garnd, 1993), 171–97; o”; andrew zierlobalization of the new uth (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 2012)

51 for an aount of this chan see beckert, “eancipation,” 1405–38

52 supf, “zur baue,” 8; kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee, bauwoll-expedition , 3; see for a siir assessnt hutton, as oted robs, “the bck an’s crop,” 4; see, for other exa to lonial tton projects, jonathan robbs, “the tton crisis: globalization and epire the atntic world, 1901–1920” (phd dissertation, university of rochester, 2010), 220; booker t washgton to beno von herton papers, ton, dc

53 for the calloway ote see jaton, april 30, 1901, booker t washgton papers, ton, dc see al jas n calloway to kolonial-wirtschaftliches koroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; ererian ographic journal 10, no 2 (1968): 112; jas n calloway to kolonial-wirtschaftliches koroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft; jaton, february 3, 1901, booker t washgton papers; jas n calloway to kolonial-wirtschaftliches koroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft; this neral pot, different ntexts, is al the african ndscape: ciety and elogy a forest-savanna e university press, 1996); kojo sebastian aradation: a west african study (neva: unrisd, 1994)

54 john robn to booker t washgton, ton papers, ton, dc; jas n calloway to kolonial-wirtschaftliches koroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; jas n calloway to roup r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, icrofil py bundesarchiv, berl; jas n calloway to roup r 150f, fonds alleero; jas n calloway to kolonial-wirtschaftliches koroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft; john robn to booker t washgton, ton papers; jas n calloway to kolonial-wirtschaftliches koroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft; 有一个来源说，最后足足动用了105人才把篷车弄到了农场去; see kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee, bauwoll-expedition , 24

55 kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee, bauwoll-expedition , 4–5, 26, for the calloway ote see 28–36; f wohltedanken 1905,” der tropenpfnzer: zeitschrift fur tropische ndwirtschaft 9 (january 1905): 5; karl supf, kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen aroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl

56 der tropenpfnzer: zeitschrift fur tropische ndwirtschaft 7 (january 1903): 9

57 isaaan and roberts, “tton, lonialis,” 25; kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen, bericht xi (fruhjahr 1909), 28, file 8224, rerd group r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundes-archiv, berl; sunseri, “baue,” 46, 48; kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen der bauwoll-koission des kolonial-wirtschaftlichen koitees vo 25 april 1912,” 169; 农民抗拒殖民地棉花计划的情形，见 allen isaaan et al, “‘tton is the other of poverty’: peasant resistance to forced tton production ozabie, 1938–1961,” ternational journal of african historical studies 13, no 4 (1980): 581–615

58 thoreat brita (new york: a kelley, 1968), 95; “tton british east africa,” iperial and asiatic arterly review , third series, 24 (july–october 1907): 85; ehrlich, “ asciation, send annual report, for the year endg augt 31st, 1906 (anchester: head office, 1906), 23

59 kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen,” 169; doran h ross, ed, wrapped pride: ghanaian kente and african aeles: uc fowler a adedze, “tton ewend: historical perspectives,” ross, ed, wrapped pride , 132; the nuo 1884–1914 , 30; o, see bisheri enickng, und se jetzir stand,” undated draft of an article, file 8224, rerd group r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; freiherr von danckelelehrten a den deutschen schutzbieten 3 (1890): 140–41; “bericht uber den bauo, gouverneur zech, to reichskoloniaroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft; isaaan and roberts, “tton, lonialis,” 12

60 john robn oted kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen , 1902, 1903 (berl, 1903), 18; zeitfran: wochenschrift fur deutsches leben , ay 1, 1911, 1

61 特别是德国的棉花商在塔斯克基专家的帮助下，积极创造这些轧花和压平业务，早在1902年，德意志多哥协会就在柏林成立了，以民间组织身份在多哥建立轧花和棉花收购机构。见“prospekt der deutschen togosellschaft,” berl, april 1902, private archive, freiherr von hereren, bericht ix (berl: h pape to bezirksaroup r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, icrofil py bundesarchiv, berl 1908—1909年，他们规定在海岸交货的轧棉最低价格为每磅30便士。见 verhandnn des kolonial-wirtschaftlichen koitees und der bauroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen , 1902, 1903 (berl, 1903), 17; radcliffe, “tkee-togo,” 103

62 jas n calloway to kolonial-wirtschaftliches koroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundes-archiv, berl 1903年，john robn 报道说，把棉花从 tove 运到 loé需要10至20天的时间; kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee, deutsch-koloniale , 21; karl supf, kolonial-wirtschaftliches ko, roup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft

63 德国的棉花利益集团向外交部殖民事物部门陈情，认为应当强迫劳动者将棉花从 tove 运到海岸，而不付工资。见 karl supf, kolonial-wirtschaftliches ko, nov 15, 1901, 8221, rerd group r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl see al note “station roup r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, icrofile,” 12

64 radcliffe, “tkee-togo,” 107; verhandnn des kolonial-wirtschaftlichen koitees und der bauroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; er, unsere alte kolonie , 245, 252 关于第一次世界大战后多哥棉花出口的进一步统计数字，见“togo: production du ton,” ance extérieure et loniale , 棉花生产在整个20世纪继续扩大，2002—2003年，多哥生产了8,000万公斤棉花，大约是1938年的19倍，1913年的160倍。see rehart, “tton arket report 44” (january 23, 2004), aessed january 30, 2004,

65 h pape, “ee berichtigung zu de von prof dr a oppel verfassten aufsatz ‘der bauwolnbau den deutschen kolonien und see asichten,’” file 3092, rerd group r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, lo see al bassett, peasant tton , 57; “bericht uber den bauo, gouverneur zech to reichskoloniaroup r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl; beckert, “eancipation”; etienne, die bauwollzucht , 39

66 the dutch rchant is oted adedze, “tton ewend,” 132; “der bauer stand,” undated draft of an article, 8224, rerd group r 1001, papers of the deutsche kolonialsellschaft, bundesarchiv, berl

67 kolonial-wirtschaftliches koraf zech and freese (for the vietor pany), roup r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, icrofil py bundesarchiv, berl; vail and white, “tawani, achabero,” 241; roberts, “ercion,” 223, 231, 236; bassett, peasant tton , 66; isaaan and roberts, “tton, lonialis,” 16

68 this was al a pot ade by orel, affairs , 192; see al a cphee, the enoic revotion west africa (london: cass, 1926), 49; arion johnn, “tton iperialis west africa,” african affairs 73, no 291 (april 1974): 182, 183

69 deutsch-koloniale bauen, bericht xi (fruhjahr 1909), file 3092, rerd group r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, icrofil py bundesarchiv, berl; jas stephen as oted david brion davis, svery and huress (new york: oxford university press, 1984), 218

70 supf, “zur bauo to herrn bezirksats-leiter von atakparoup r 150f, fonds alleer der bau des kolonialwirtschaftlichen koo, file 1008, rerd group r 150f, fonds alleero see kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen , 57–59; “bauroup r 150f, fonds alleero john robn 早在1904年曾说过：“多哥人民的习惯无法在一天之内改变”；见 “bauen des pfnzers john w robn voen, boden- und kli, bew&228;sserung,” fragroup r 150f, fonds alleero

71 paul friebel to togo bauesellschaft, atakpao bauerany; 英国棉花种植协会在非洲的经验在许多方面与德国的经验相似；其历史见 robs, “the bck an’s crop”

72 see “bauen des pfnzers john w robn voen, boden- und kli, bew&228;sserung,” fragroup r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, icrofil py bundesarchiv, berl; ann phelps stokes, a brief biography of booker washgton (hapton, va: haraf zech, january 12, 1904, file 332, rerd group r 150f, fonds alleero

73 bassett, peasant tton , 55, 59; julia seibert, “arbeit und walt: die ngsao, 1885–1960” (phd dissertation, university of trier, 2012), 186–206; isaaan and roberts, “tton, lonialis,” 27; vail and white, “tawani, achabero,” 252, 253

74 for an excellent survey see isaaan and roberts, eds, tton, lonialiseran tton experts were still envio of british suesses africa; see o warburg, “zu neuen jahr 1914,” der tropenpfnzer: zeitschrift fur tropische ndwirtschaft 18 (january 1914): 9; polly hill, the hana: a study rural capitalisue of nations, enoic and fancial section, ternational statistical yearbook 1926 (neva: publications of league of nations, 1927), 72; league of nations, enoue of nations 193 9/40 (neva: series of league of nations publications, 1940), 122; national tton uncil of ao expects to ,” bloo, october 29, 2010, aessed april 10, 2013,

75 isaaan and roberts, eds, tton, lonialis,” 28–33; on the asciation tonnière loniale see kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen , 66–68, 69–71; as to the sudan, see booker t washgton to gd bouton, ton, february 3, 1904, booker t washgton papers, library of ngress, washgton, dc; radcliffe, “tkee-togo,” 3, 133, 135; karl supf, deutsch-koloniale bauen , 295, 297;德国殖民者棉花业者也经常提到法国、英国和俄国的经验，例如参见 kolonial-wirtschaftliches koen , 66–71; “an zueneralkonsuts sat petersburg,” deceovernor of togo, 360, rerd group r 150f, fonds alleero (l’ado), archives nationales du togo, loé, icrofil py bundes-archiv, berl; py of a report by r b d orier to the secretary of state, the aris of salisbury, october 12, 1889, pitions vol 51, 1890, pition no 476, “establishovernnt of a odel tton pntation the rva oasis,” revenue departnt, aharashtra state archives, ubai; robs, “the bck ères, direction des affaires polities et rciales, no 88, pie , verchere de reffye, nsul de france à alexandrie à t 30, 1912, and dépêche de nsut de france, sat petersburg, june 15, 1912, 9 affe, affairs énoie, fonds isteriels, archives d’outre-ress of delegated representatives of aster spners’ and eb&228;ude, vienna, art, evans, & , 1907), 306; ternational tton ngress, official report of the ternational tton ngress, held egypt, 1927 (art evans & ltd, 1927), 179–89

76 关于苏联增产棉花的努力，见 obertreis, iies of rule: epire, water, and the odernization of central asia, 1867–1941” (phd dissertation, harvard university, 2011); christof dejung, “the boundaries of western power: the lonial tton eno and niels p petersn, eds, the foundations of ide enolobal e university press, 2012), 156; rudolf as of lonial tton brochures, berl, e stand der bauwollkultur turkestan und das proble eer deutschen of the bauwoll-koission des kolonial-wirtschaftlichen ko of the bauesellschaft, berl, july 12, 1923, all kolonial-wirtschaftliches koitee, r 8024/25, bundesarchiv, berl; ekonoeran ebassy osw, kolonialwirtschaftliches koitee, r 8024/25, bundesarchiv, berl; there are al docu to the execution of tton experts central asia who did not do enough to fight a loc pgue

77 在一个非常不同的场景下，k&228;ren win 也讲述了日本特定地区并入全国及全球经济的故事；见 k&228;ren win, the of a japanese periphery, 1750–1920 (berkeley: university of california press, 1995)

78 buehler, “die unabh&228;ngigkeitsbestrebunn,” 91; bleifs and hernr&246;der, die “otto-pnta kilossa,” 39; pierre de sanisation de fiture de ton en belgie notice publiée à l’oasion du 25èie (brsels, 1926), 1; obertreis, iovernuarantee,” parliantary debates , fifth series, vol 52, l 428, april 23, 1913

79 see chapter 10, note 5

第13章　重回全球南方

1 kenh l gillion, ahdabad: a study dian urban history (berkeley: university of california press, 1968), 69; enesis and growth (ahdabad: new order book , 1982), viii, 33–34, 43, 50, 53; dwijendra tripathi, historical roots of dtrial entrepreneurship dia and japan: a parative terpretation (new delhi: of dtrial retions: the ahdabad textile dtry, 1918–1939 (oxford: oxford university press, 1987), 21–22

2 hta, the ahdabad tton textile dtry , 54, 57; tis of dia , june 12, 1861

3 hta, the ahdabad tton textile dtry , 6, 8–9, 14, 20

4 ibid, 66, 67, 77ff, 80, 85–87, 96–102; sali kha, capitalis and css lonial dia: the case of ah publishers, 1988), 64–66; patel, the of dtrial retions , 13, 21, 22, 23, 24; tripathi, historical roots of dtrial entrepreneurship dia and japan , 107; ira spector-handi visits ncashire: a study ie, 2008), 23

5 stephan h ldner, “technology and textiles globalization,” history and technology 18 (2002), 3; dougs a farnie and david j jereed the world: the tton dtry ternational perspective, 1600–1990s (oxford: oxford university press, 2004), 23; ldner, “technology and textiles globalization,” 4; john sgleton, ncashire on the scrapheap: the tton dtry, 1945–1970 (oxford: oxford university press, 1991), 11; dougs a farnie and takeshi abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian s farnie et al, eds, region and strategy brita and japan, bess ncashire and kansai, 1890–1990 (london: routled, 2000), 140, 147

6 farnie and jereed the world , 23; david l carlton and peter a cnis, “uthern textiles global ntext,” sanna delfo and lobal perspectives on dtrial transforation the arican uth (ary r saxonhoe and gav wright, “new evidence on the stubborn english ule and the tton dtry, 1878–1920,” enoic history review , new series, 37, no 4 (noveber 1984): 519 值得注意的是，日本锭子比印度锭子生产的纱线要多得多。

7 arno s pearse, the tton dtry of dia, beg the report of the journey to dia (art, evans, 1930), 3

8 pearse, the tton dtry of dia , 101; philip t silvia, “the spdle city: bor, politics, and religion fall river, assachetts, 1870–1905” (phd dissertation, fordha university, 1973), 7; thoas rsell sith, “the tton textile dtry of fall river, assachetts: a study of dtrial localization” (phd dissertation, bia university, 1943), 21; willia f hartford, where is our responsibility?: unions and enond textile dtry, 1870–1960 (aherst: university of -css le o dtrial cities, 1880–1930 (westport, ct: greenwood, 1979), 54

9 hartford, where is our responsibility? 12, 28; ary h blewett, nstant turoil: the politics of dtrial life neteenth-century new engnd (aherst: university of assachetts press, 2000), 183; assachetts bureau of statistics of bor, thirteenth annual report (boston: rand, avery & , 1882), 195

10 cu-css et al, “the ran wool and tton dtry fro the sixteenth to the entieth century,” lex heera van voss, els hiestra-kuper, and elise van nederveen ate panion to the history of textile workers, 1650–2000 (burlgton, vt: ashgate, 2010), 227 马萨诸塞州劳工统计局估计，一个家庭每年至少需要400美元的租金、燃料、食物和衣服。见 assachetts bureau of statistics of bor, sixth annual report (boston: wright and potter, 1875), 118, 221–354, esp 291, 372, 373, 441

11 hartford, where is our responsibility? 7–17, 29; isaac hen, “arant spners dtrial new engnd,” parative studies ciety and history 27, no 4 (october 1, 1985): 611, 623–24; blewett, nstant turory, the fall of the hoe of bor: the workpce, the state, and ae university press, 1989), 163

12 r b forrester, the tton dtry france (anchester: anchester university press, 1921), 100; cude fohlen, l’dtrie textile au teps du send epire (paris: librairie plon, 1956), 412; david allen harvey, nstructg css and nationality alsace, 1830–1945 (dekalb: northern illois university press, 2001), 3, 64, 65

13 ebelg et al,“the reran tton dtry (anchester: anchester university press, 1913), 71–72

14 v konoov et al, istoriia otechestvennoi tekstil’noi proprobytizdat, 1992), 179; dave pretty, “the tton textile dtry rsia and the viet union,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 435–37, 439; dave pretty, “the tton textile dtry rsia and the viet union” (presentation, textile nference, ternational stitute of cial history, asterda, noveber 2004), 17, 33

15 andreas balthasar, erich gruner, and hans hirter, “werkschaften und arbeitber auf de arbeitsarkt: streiks, karuppen,” erich gruner, ed, arbeiterschaft und wirtschaft der schweiz 1880–1914: ziale , anisation und k&228;anisation und zialpolitik , vol 2, part 1 (zurich: chronos, 1988), 456ff, 464; anl sate panion to the history of textile workers , 465–67; elise van nederveen erkerk, lex heeran van voss, and els hiestra-kuper, “the hernds,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 388

16 t j hatton, g r boyer, and r e bailey, “the union wa effect te neteenth century brita,” enoica 61, no 244 (noveber 1994): 436, 449; farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton anufactures,” 134, 136; williae, a: harvard university press, 1990), 115, 136

17 charles tilly, “cial chan picture,” lenard r bernste, ed, the dtrial revotion and work neteenth-century europe (new york: routled, 1992), 54–55; elise van nederveen erkerk, lex heer the world: ncsions to the project,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 773–92

18 dehn, the res of bor and nder: feeran press, 2002), 261; gunter kirchha, “das wachstu der deutschen bauwolldtrie i 19 jahrhundert: ee historische ” (phd dissertation, university of ender: nflictg ponents of won’s behaviour the textile , 1880–1914,” historical journal 27, no 2 (june 1984): 378; sith et al, “spa,” 468

19 dehn, the ran tton dtry , 82; kirchha, “das wachstu der deutschen bauwolldtrie,” 159–60 实际工资（以1913马克为准）从每年56358马克增加到每年860马克。see iplicit deftor of national product table a5, st of livg dices rany, 1850–1985 (1913=100), appendix, p scholliers and z zae 19th- and 20th-century europe (brookfield, vt: edward elgar publishg, 1995), 226; 如果我们假设在两个星期内劳动十二天，1870年阿尔萨斯的日工资在1910法郎每天251—300法郎之间，1910年每天542—625法郎。要计算实际工资，见 table h1, wholesale price dices, b r itchell, ternational historical statistics: europe, 1750–2005 (new york: palgrave ailn, 2007), 955–56 sith et al, “spa,” 469; sith, “the tton textile dtry of fall river,” 88 19世纪90年代，非技术工人每天挣3592美元，1920年每天挣5372美元。织布机固定工从1890年的每天4239美元上升到1920年的每天8192美元。看见 table iii cssified rates of was per hour each state, by years, 1907 to 1912, fred clevend croxton, was and hours of bor the tton, woolen, and silk dtries (washgton, dc: govern office, 1913)

20 harvey, nstructg css and nationality alsace , 82; dehn, the r der chenitzer be s&228;chsischen bauwollspnerei von 1789–1879” (phd dissertation, university of heidelberg, 1914), 94; beth english, “begngs of the global enoy: capital obility and the 1890s us textile dtry,” delfo and gillespie, eds, global perspectives on dtrial transforation the a der schweizerischen textilwirtschaft ie (zurich: verg berichtha, 1960), 397

21 english, “begngs of the global enosaschses der deutschen bausaschs der deutschen bauwoll-dtrie, 1920), 11; john steven torowth: profits, capital au dtry, 1885–1914,” aountg bess and fancial history 4, no 3 (1994): 367; j h ba, “the rationalization of the british tton dtry the terwar years,” textile history 19, no 1 (1988): 85; w kirby, “the ncashire tton dtry the ter-war years: a study anizational chan” bess history 16, no 2 (1974): 151

22 kirchha, “das wachstuory crk, “why isn’t the whole world developed? lesns fro the tton ills,” journal of enoic history 47, no 1 (arch 1987): 145, 148; hereschichte , vol 2 ( the world,” 785

23 gise der wiesent&228;ler textildtrie bis zu jahre 1945” (phd dissertation, university of basel, 1965), 49; deutsche volks-wirtschaftlichen rrespondenz 42 (ul, 1879), 8; brian a’hearn, “stitutions, externalities, and enorowth uthern italy: evidence fro the tton textile dtry, 1861–1914,” eno fisch, europa ischen wachstuart: ulr, 2002), 65; to kep, enoic forces french history (london: dennis dobn, 1971), 184; augte nce, crise de l’dtrie tonnière (ulhoe: veuve bader & cie, 1879), 6

24 departnt of rahaoods t aton, dc: govern office, 1909), 6–7, 14; jordi nadal, “the faire of the dtrial revotion spa, 1830–1914,” carlo cipol, ed, the fontana enoence of dtrial cieties (great brita: fontana, 1973), 612–13; v konoov et al, istoriia otechestvennoi tekstil’noi proprobytizdat, 1992), 268–69; for atkn see edward atkn, tton: articles froht, 1877), 31

25 as reflected, for exas of the s of the anchester chaber of rce, 1919–1925, anchester library and local studies, anchester

26 tis , october 3, 1923, 9; see al jas watt jr to richard bond, esq, july 7, 1934, ddx1115/6/26, liverpool rerds office, liverpool; as oted spector-handi visits ncashire,” 44

27 “textile shutdown visioned by curley: new engnd dtry will die six ton helps, he says,” new york tis , april 15, 1935 工资成本对纺织品生产地理位置的重要性也是阿姆斯特丹社会历史研究所多年研究项目的核心成果之一。见 the world,” 774

28 关于欧洲和美国的这一冲突，见 sven beckert, “space atters: eurafrica, the arican epire and the territorialization of dtrial capitalisress)

29 carlton and cnis, “uthern textiles global ntext,” 160, 167ff; alice carol galenn, the nd to the uth, 1880–1930 (new york: garnd, 1985), 2; tiration of the uthern textile dtry, 1960–1980 (chapel hill: university of north carola press, 1999), 9; robert eography 4, no 1 (january 1, 1928): 74–87

30 andrews, the n and the a: ration of the tton textile dtry , 189–90; carlton and cnis, “uthern textiles global ntext,” 155, 156, 158; for the “bor agitation” ote see lish, a on thread: bor, politics, and capital ia press, 2006), 39; lynchburg news , january 18, 1895, as cited english, “begngs of the global enoy,” 176; hartford, where is our responsibility? 54

31 elijah hel, “an ternational of the tton dtry,” arterly journal of enoration of the tton textile dtry , 186; dtry of the united states (new york: a kelley, 1966), 40, 46 see al steven hahn, the roots of uthern populisht, “the enoic revotion the arican uth,” journal of enoic perspectives 1, no 1 (sur 1987): 169 关于南方农村的转型如何影响到美国南方受薪工人的出现，见 barbara fields, “the neteenth-century arican uth: history and theory,” pntation ciety the aricas 2, no 1 (april 1983): 7–27; steven hahn, “css and state posteancipation cieties: uthern pnters parative perspective,” arican historical review 95, no 1 (1990): 75–88; uthern and western textile excelsior , decelobal enolish, a on thread , 116

32 galenn, the ration of the tton textile dtry , 141; pend, the tton ion and sub-region: uthern eno of the cial science history asciation, boston, 2011)

33 offrey jones and judith vale, “ panies asia before 1945,” bess history review 72, no 3 (1998): 372; on portugal see board pany, guildhall library, london on the otton vestnt the ottoan epire: ternational trade and retions, 1854–1914 (new york: i b tauris, 2011), 131; e r j owen, “lord croyptian dtry, 1883–1907,” iddle eastern studies 2, no 4 (july 1966): 283, 289; arno s pearse, brazilian tton (art, evans & , 1921), 29; speech at konferenz der itteleurop&228;ischen wirtschaftsveree dresden, aen, aw&228;rtis at, 1916–1918, akten betreffend den es aately, “developnt of the rsian tton textile dtry the pre-revotionary years, 1861–1913” (phd dissertation, university of kansas, 1968), 156; bianka pietrow-ennker, “wirtschaftsburr und burrlichkeit ireich polen: das beispiel von lodz, deesellschaft 31 (2005): 175, 177, 178

34 体制对经济发展的重要性，从而对政治的重要性，以及殖民主义的破坏性影响，也得到以下著作的强调：daron ace, siraphy and stitutions the of the odern world e distribution,” arterly journal of enoics 117, no 4 (noveber 2002): 1231–94 不过，我在本文强调的是不同的体制。

35 sa chien, 1853–1926 (new york: bia university press, 1965), 17, 45–46; albert feuerwerker, cha’s early dtrialization: sheng hsuan-huai (1844–1916) and e, see al elizabeth k&246;ll, froional enterprises e, a: harvard university press, 2003), 56–62

36 yen-p’g hao and erh- chese views of western retions, 1840–95,” john k fairbank and kwang-chg liu, the ca, 1800–1911 , part 2 (cae university press, 1980), 142–201; feuerwerker, cha’s early dtrialization , 36–37; ascia&231;&227;o dtrial, representa&231;&227;o dirigida ao exo snr istro da fazenda (rio de janiero, 1881), 5, 11, as oted stanley j ste, the brazilian tton anufacture: textile enterprise an underdeveloped area, 1850–1950 (cae, a: harvard university press, 1957), 82; anifesto da ascia&231;&227;o dtrial, o dtrial (&227;o da ascia&231;&227;o dtrial) , ay 21, 1881, as oted ste, the brazilian tton anufacture , 82; ste, the brazilian tton anufacture , 83–84

37 byron arshall, capitalis and nationalis pre-war japan (palo alto: stanford university press, 1967), 15–16

38 carter j eckert, offsprg of es of korean capitaliston press, 1991), 30, 40; pearse, the tton dtry of dia , 3

39 pearse, brazilian tton , 27–28; ste, the brazilian tton anufacture , 114

40 ste, the brazilian tton anufacture , 66–67, 77, 82, 84–85, 98,100–1; pearse, brazilian tton , 40; the englishan is oted ste, the brazilian tton anufacture , 101

41 ste, the brazilian tton anufacture , 53, 54, 57, 62; pearse, brazilian tton , 32; panhia brazil dtrial, the dtry of brazil , 17

42 ste, the brazilian tton alvarriato, and jeffrey g willialobalization, de-dtrialization and xican exceptionalis paper no 12316, june 2006, 40; stephen haber, arhts: political stability, credible rowth e university press, 2003), 128; crk et al, tton goods t a uller, “die textildtrie des raus pueb (xiko) i 19 jahrhundert” (phd dissertation, university of bonn, 1977), 63; stephen h haber, “assessg the obstacles to dtrialisation: the xican enoy, 1830–1940,” journal of t arican studies 24, no 1 (february 1992), 18–21; stephen haber, crony capitalisrowth t arica: theory and evidence (palo alto, ca: hoover stitution press, 2002), 66, table 23; lobal history of textile production, 1650–2000 (arnta), textile nference iish, novereene & to carlos tornist, boston, augt 13, 1924, dtrias 144–8271, biblioteca tornist del ban central de republica arnta, buenos aires; produion, eboracion y nsuenta, 1924, dtrias 144–8271, biblioteca tornist del ban central de republica arnta, buenos aires; carlos d giro, el algodonero: su cultivo en s varias partes del entia (buenos aires: pania sud-aricana, 1910)

43 a j robertn, “ncashire and the rise of japan, 1910–1937,” s d chapan, ed, the textile dtries , vol 2 (london: i b tauris, 1997), 490

44 w dtrial policy jii japan,” journal of japanese studies 22, no 1 (1996): 67; e patricia tsuruirls: won the thread ills of iji japan (prceton, nj: prceton university press, 1990), 35; thoe and dtrial developovernnt enterprise, 1868–1880 (stanford, ca: stanford university press, 1955), 27, 58

45 on ie itoh and dtry japan,” (unpublished paper, author’s possession, ay 1995), 6; ebara roku, as cited fletcher iii, “the japan spners asciation,” journal of japanese studies , 67

46 fletcher iii, “the japan spners asciation,” 68; yukio okaoto, ijiki boseki rodo kankeishi: nihonteki koyo, roshi kankei keisei e no sekk (fukuoka: kyoshuˉ daigaku shuppankai, 1993), 157–58, 213–14; tsuruirls , 42

47 takeshi abe, “the develop dtry edo period” (unpublished and undated paper, author’s possession), 1; asayuki tanioto, “the role of tradition japan’s dtrialization,” asayuki tanioto, ed, the role of tradition japan’s dtrialization: another path to dtrialization , vol 2 (oxford: oxford university press, 2006), 9

48 naosuke takayoshi josetsu , vol 1 (tokyo: hanawa shobo, 1971), 63; naosuke takayoshi josetsu , vol 2 (tokyo: hanawa shobo, 1971), 119; tanioto, “the role of tradition japan’s dtrialization,” 4, 12; farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton anufactures,” 119

49 fletcher iii, “the japan spners asciation,” journal of japanese studies , 49–75; fletcher iii, “the japan spners asciation,” the textile dtry , 66; farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton anufactures,” 118, 126

50 farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton anufactures,” 121, 128; takeshi abe, “the develop-center tton textile dtry japan beeen the o world wars,” japanese yearbook on bess history 9 (1992): 17, 19; see al hikotaro nishi, die bau, 1911), 71, 88

51 taka see williay the japanese shippg dtry (cae, a: uncil on east asian studies, harvard university, 1984)

52 关于一般的统计状况，见 nishi, die bauwollspnerei japan , 78, 84; farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton anufactures,” 136–37; takeshi abe, “the chese ihara, ed, japan, cha, and the growth of the asian ternational enoy, 1850–1949 , vol 1 (oxford: oxford university press 2005), 74, 77

53 natsuko kitani, “tton, tariffs and enificance of japan the first half of the 1930s” (phd dissertation, osaka university of foreign studies, 2004), iii–v, 5, 49, 65; departnt of overseas trade, nditions and prospects of united kgdo trade dia, 1937–38 (london: his ajesty’s stationery office, 1939), 170 see al toyo nka kaisha, the dian tton facts 1930 (bobay: toyo nka kaisha ltd, 1930), 98

54 请参阅日本棉纺织业协会的藏书，其中载有许多关于英国、美国、德国、印度和其他地方劳工问题的书籍；见 japanese tton spners asciation library, university of osaka on bor irls ; 关于农村与都市受薪劳工之间的关联，见 johannes hirschs of entrepreneurship e, a: harvard university press, 1964), 80; toshiaki chokki, “bor dtry,” sitka ed, the textile dtry and the rise of the japanese enoy , 7; ja hunter, wo enoy: the textile dtry before the pacific war (london: routled, 2003), 69–70, 123–24; farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton htan, “japan,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 317; gary saxonhoe and yukihiko kiyokawa, “supply and de japan and dia,” sitka, ed, the textile dtry and the rise of the japanese enoy , 185

55 hunter, woirls an agrarian settg circa 1910,” tanioto, ed, the role of tradition japan’s dtrialization , 130; tsuruirls , 10–19; nishi, die bauwollspnerei japan , 141

56 hunter and av wright, “o forary saxonhoe and gav wright, eds, technies, spirit and for of the reenwich, ct: jai press 1984), 3–31; nishi, die bauwollspnerei japan , 143, 155; farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton anufactures,” 135

57 farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian yoshi josetsu , vol 1, 308; 关于日本棉纺织业集体行动的情况，见 w iles fletcher iii, “enoic power and political fence: the japan spners asciation, 1900–1930,” asia pacific bess review 7, no 2 (ter 2000): 39–62, especially 47

58 saxonhoe and kiyokawa, “supply and dee dtry,” 15; nishi, die bauwollspnerei japan , 147

59 the table on pa 408 is based on ration fro nishi, die bauwollspnerei japan , 55, 84; departn trade of the epire of japan (tokyo: setsu kyoku, nd), 554; for 1913–15, departn trade of the epire of japan , part 1 (tokyo: setsu kyoku, nd), 448; departn trade of the epire of japan , part 1 (tokyo: setsu kyoku, nd), 449 departn trade of the epire of japan (tokyo: setsu kyoku, nd), 296; for 1902, departn trade of the epire of japan (tokyo: setsu kyoku, nd), 65; toyo keizai shposha, ed, foreign trade of japan: a statistical survey (tokyo: 1935; 1975), 229–30, 49

60 关于工业的扩张亦可参见 sung jae koh, stas of dtrial developnt asia: a parative history of the tton dtry japan, dia, cha, and korea (phidelphia: university of pennsylvania press, 1966); takayoshi josetsu , vol 2, 121; nishi, die bauwollspnerei japan , 1; takeshi abé and osa district te iji japan,” textile history 19, no 2 (1988): 143–58; jun sasaki, “factory girls an agrarian settg circa 1910,” tanioto, ed, the role of tradition japan’s dtrialization , 121; takeshi abe, “anizational chans the japanese tton dtry durg the ter-war period,” dougs a farnie and david j jereed the world: the tton dtry ternational perspective, 1600–1990s (oxford: oxford university press, 2004), 462; farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton anufactures,” 146; johzen takeuchi, “the role of ‘early factories’ japanese dtrialization,” tanioto, ed, the role of tradition japan’s dtrialization , 76

61 fran&231;ois charles roux, le ton en égypte (paris: librairie aryptian textiles and british capital, 1930–1956 (cairo: arican university cairo press, 1989), 9, 10; owen, “lord croyptian dtry,” 285, 288, 291, 292; bent hansen and kariiypt (new york: national bureau of enoic research, 1975), 4

62 tignor, egyptian textiles and british capital , 12–14; joel be, “egyptian textile workers: fro european petition to proletarians ntendg with the state,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 185; hansen and nashashibi, foreign trade regis and enonor, “enoypt,” ternational journal of african historical studies 10, no 2 (1977): 187, 189

63 statistical tables retg to dian tton: dian spng and weavg ills (bobay: tis of dia stea press, 1889), 95; isra bhubanes, the tton ill dtry of eastern dia the te neteenth century: nstrats on foreign vestent, 1985), 5; r e enthoven, the tton fabrics of the bobay presidency (bobay: np, approx 1897), 4; pearse, the tton dtry of dia , 22 on the growth of the dian tton dtry see al departence and statistics, dia ills (calcutta: np, 1929); ata’ra’ tribuck to t d ackenzie, bobay, june 16, 1891, revenue departnt, 1891, no 160, aharashtra state archives, ubai

64 enthoven, the tton fabrics of the bo to dian tton , 116; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation for the year 1897 (bochi, private veste university press, 1972), 9; hel, “an ternational survey of the tton dtry,” 432

65 “stateress and ndition of dia, 1895–96,” 172, 1895, sw 241, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london a slightly higher nuber is cited iperial and asiatic arterly review and oriental and lonial rerd , third series, 58 (july–october 1904): 49 on the neral pots see tirthankar roy, “the long globalization and textile producers dia,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 266–67 toyo nka kaisha, the dian tton facts 1930 (boress of the tton ill dtry; enthoven, the tton fabrics of the bobay presidency , 7; eckehard kulke, the parsees dia: a , 1974), 120–25

66 ence of an dtrial bor force dia: a study of the bobay tton ills, 1854–1947 (berkeley: university of california press, 1965), 101, 103, 114; anohandas raji, chaireneral held on april 28, 1910, report of the bobay ill-owners’ asciation for the year 1909 (bobay: tis of dia stea secretary of the governricultural departnt (judicial), no 12–711, dated ay 2, 1881, revenue departutions, factory act of 1881, aharashtra state archives, s of workers’ lidarity the tton ills of bobay, 1875–1918 (surat: center for cial studies, july 1990), 1; dietar rotherund, an enoic history of dia: froe, 1993), 51; andhi, the dian tton textile dtry: its past, present and future (calcutta: itra, 1930), 67; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation for the year 1906 (bobay: tis of dia stea press, 1907), ii; “orandu on the tton iport and excise duties,” 5–6, l/e/9/153, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london

67 rotherund, an enoic history of dia , 37

68 tripathi, historical roots of dtrial entrepreneurship dia and japan , 14, 139

69 albert feuerwerker, “handicraft and anufactured tton textiles cha, 1871–1910,” journal of enoic history 30, no 2 (june 1970): 338

70 raon h yers, “tton textile handicraft and the developnt of the tton textile dtry odern cha,” enoic history review , new series, 18, no 3 (1965): 615; katy le alization, and the sexual division of bor early entieth-century cha: wo unty,” undry, ed, a retrospect of political and the five years 1873 to 1877 (shanghai: kelly & walsh, 1878), rcial, 1877, 98; feuerwerker, “handicraft and , “tton dtry and trade cha,” chese cial and political science review 16 (october 1932): 400, 402; united states departoods cha (washgton, dc: govern office, 1916), 33, 43; abe der deutschen dtrie ostasien (hildesheit x, 1905), 11 1902年，中国棉花进口总值的55来自英国，268来自美国，只有27来自日本。到1930年，日本已占722，英国下降到132，美国下降到01。有关这些统计信息，请参阅 kang chao, with jessica c y chao, the develope, a: harvard university press, 1977), 97

71 k&246;ll, fro tton s of the tton textile dtry cha” (phd dissertation, harvard university, 1977), 1, 147–75

72 yers, “tton textile handicraft and the developnt of the tton textile dtry,” 626–27; feuerwerker, “handicraft and , “tton dtry and trade cha,” 348, 370–71, 411, 416; shiru akita, “the british epire and ternational order of asia, 1930s–1950s” (presentation, 20th ternational ngress of historical sciences, sydney, 2005), 16; shiru akita, “the east asian ternational enoic order the 1850s,” antony best, ed, the ternational history of east asia, 1900–1908 (london: routled, 2010), 153–67; abe, “the chese oods,” 83; robert cliver, “cha,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 116; ralph oods cha , 158

73 feuerwerker, “handicraft and anufactured tton textiles cha,” 346; loren brandt, ricultural develope: cae university press, 1989), 6; robert cliver, “cha,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 116; bruce l reynolds, “the in vestnt on dtrialization: chese textiles, 1875–1931” (phd dissertation, university of n trade of cha (new york: bia university, 1919), 304; departnt of overseas trade and h h fox, enoic nditions cha to septeber 1, 1929 (london, 1929), 7, as oted akita, “the british epire and ternational order of asia,” 17

74 odell et al, tton goods cha , 161, 162ff, 168, 178, 179; fong, “tton dtry and trade cha,” 376; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation for the year 1907 (bobay: tis of dia stea press, 1908), ii

75 fong, “tton dtry and trade cha,” 376; jack goldstone, “nder, work and culture: why the dtrial revotion caical perspectives 39, no 1 (1996): 1; robert cliver, “cha,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 123–24

76 chu, reforere, the golden a of the chese bouroisie, 1911–1937 (cae university press, 1989), 51–60; cliver, “cha,” 126, 194; albert feuerwerker, cha’s early dtrialization , 20, 28, 44; see chg-chun wang, “how cha revered tariff autonoy,” annals of the arican acadey of political and cial science 152, no 1 (1930): 266–77; frank kai- su and alv barber, “cha’s tariff autonoy, fact or yth,” far eastern survey 5, no 12 (june 3, 1936): 115–22; kang chao et al, the developnt of tton textile production cha , 102; abe, “the chese oods,” 96; feuerwerker, “handicraft and anufactured tton textiles cha,” 343; akita, “the british epire and ternational order of asia,” 20

77 farnie and abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian arket for tton anufactures,” 138, 139 日本在中国的棉纺纱厂的效率世界第一; hunter et al, “japan,” 316–17; united states tariff ton: np, 1936), 157 关于工资上涨，另见 takayoshi josetsu , vol 2, 209; abe, “the chese oods,” 95; charles k oser, the tton textile dtry of far eastern untries (boston: pepperell , “tton dtry and trade cha,” 350

78 richu dg, “shanghai capitalists before the 1911 revotion,” chese studies history 18, no 3–4 (1985): 33–82

79 r l n vijayanagar, bobay illowners’ asciation, centenary uvenir, 1875–1975 (bobay: the asciation, 1979), 29, asiatic ciety of ubai; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1909 , vi; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1897 , 80; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation for the year 1900 (bobay: tis of dia stea press, 1901), 52 see al report of the bobay ill-owners’ asciation for the year 1904 (bobay: tis of dia stea press, 1905), 156; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1907 , xiii; retion of the first dian dtrial nference held at benares on deceber 30, 1905, part c, no 2, arch 1906, dtries branch, departnt of rce and dtry, national archives of dia, new delhi; ence of an dtrial bor force dia , 38; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1907 , xiii

80 hta, the ahdabad tton textile dtry , 114; the ahratta , january 19, 1896, february 2, 1896, february 9, 1896; “orandu on the tton iport and excise duties,” 6, l/e/9/153, oriental and dia office llections, british library, london; gandhi, the dian tton textile dtry , 66; g v josji to g k gokhale, file 4, joshi rrespondence with gokhale, nehru orial library, new delhi

81 report of the bobay illowners’ asciation for the year 1901 (bobay: tis of dia stea press, 1902), 17–18

82 the ahratta , arch 15, 1896; hta, the ahdabad tton textile dtry , 117–19, 131; tripathi, historical roots of dtrial entrepreneurship dia and japan , 115; a p kannangara, “dian illowners and dian nationalis before 1914,” past and present 40, no 1 (july 1968): 151 boanji dshaw petit, 孟买一位棉纺厂主就说，“日本人在斯瓦德什精神的鼓舞下，他们拥有最大限度地利用这种精神的能力和优势”。report of the bouara, “dian illowners and dian nationalis before 1914,” 147–64 ntrast, see suit sarkar, odern dia, 1855–1947 (new delhi: ailn, 1983), 132; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1906 , iii

83 sydenhat 1919); the ahratta , october 11, 1896, of the tton rchants held at surat on april 13, 1919, file no 11, sir purshotadas thakurdas papers, nehru orial library, new delhi; letter of purshotadas thakurdas to the ahdabad illowners’ asciation, arch 22, 1919, ibid; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1904 , 158 see al report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1907 , iv; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1909 , iv; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation …1907 , viii

84 gandhi, the dian tton textile dtry ; lisa n trivedi, clothg gandhi’s nation: hoton: diana university press, 2007), 105 印度工厂主与民族主义运动之间的联系也可以参见 sir purshotadas thakurdas papers, nehru orial library, new delhi: for exaple, letter of sir purshotadas tharkurdas to ahdabad illowners asciation, arch 22, 1919, sir purshotadas thakurdas papers, file no 11, nehru of the tton rchants held at surat on april 13, 1919, ibid; “the tton asciation,” sydenhat 1919), ibid; sir purshotadas tharkurdas to adabad illowners’ asciation, arch 22, 1919, ibid

85 gandhi, the dian tton textile dtry , 71, 123 for the nnections to andhi and ahdabad, 1915–20,” enoic and political weekly 40 (january 22–28, 2005): 296 a p kannangara, “dian illowners and dian nationalis before 1914,” past and present 40, no 1 (july 1968): 164; visvesvaraya, pnned eno, “shanghai capitalists before the 1911 revotion,” 33–82; on dia see al bipan chandra, the writgs of bipan chandra: the andhi (hyderabad: orient bckswan, 2012), 385–441

86 bagchi, private vestnt dia , 5, 240, 241

87 “the operation of japanese and korean capitalists,” as cited eckert, offsprg of epire , 48; hta, the ahdabad tton textile dtry , 121; report of the bobay illowners’ asciation for the year 1908 (bo k gokhale, bobay, october 15, 1909, servants of dia ciety papers, file 4, rrespondence, gokhale, 1890–1911, part 2, nehru orial library, new delhi; file no 24, sir purshotadas thakurdas papers, nehru lobal ie, 1996), 96; a brief a pn of enoic developnt for dia , 1944, as reprted purshota a pn of enou, 1945)

88 see joel be, “for css,” iddle east research and ryptian textile workers,” 188–89

89 fong, “tton dtry and trade cha,” 379, 381; hung-tg ku, “urban hai,” odern asian studies 13, no 2 (1979): 197–216

90 ence of an dtrial bor force dia , 105, 178, 183; r l n vijayanagar, bobay illowners’ asciation, centenary uvenir, 1875–1975 (bobay: the asciation, 1979), 63, asiatic ciety of ubai; hta, the ahandhi and ahdabad, 1915–20,” enoic and political weekly 40 (january 22–28, 2005): 298; vijayanagar, centenary uvenir, 1875–1975 , 29; roy, “the long globalization and textile producers dia,” 269

91 jab eyferth, “won’s work and the politics of hospun cialist cha, 1949–1980,” ternational review of cial history 57, no 3 (2012): 13; prabhat patnaik, “dtrial developnt dia sce dependence,” cial scientist 7, no 11 (june 1979): 7; paritosh banerjee, “productivity trends and factor pensation tton textile dtry dia: a rejoder,” dian journal of dtrial retions 4 (april 1969): 542; governnt of dia, istry of bour, dtrial ittee on tton textiles , first session, sus, new delhi, january 1948; rs k christensen, “stitutions textile production: guilds and trade unions,” van voss et al, eds, the ashgate panion to the history of textile workers , 766; hansen and nashashibi, foreign trade regis and enoic developnt , 7, 19–20

92 eyferth, “won’s work and the politics of hospun,” 21

第14章　结语：经线和纬线

1 “liverpool by order of the liverpool tton asciation ltd, catalogue of the vaable cb furnishgs etc to be ld by auction by reater anchester unty rerd office, anchester

2 dougs a farnie and takeshi abe, “japan, ncashire and the asian s farnie et al, eds, region and strategy brita and japan, bess ncashire and kansai, 1890–1990 (london: routled, 2000), 151–52; john sgleton, “ncashire’s st stand: declg eploynt the british tton dtry, 1950–1970,” enoic history review , new series, 39, no 1 (february 1986): 92, 96–97; williae: the decle of the british tton dtry,” bess history review 57, no 2 (sur 1983): 219 具有讽刺意味的是，英国历史学家也在20世纪60年代开始淡化棉花工业对工业革命的重要性。

3 john baffes, “the ‘tton proble,’” world bank research observer 20, no 1 (april 1, 2005): 116

4 for dia, see official dian textile statistics 2011–12, overnnt of dia, ubai, aessed on june 5, 2013, for pakistan see uhaad shahzad iqbal et al, “developnt of textile dtrial csters pakistan,” asian cial science 6, no 11 (2010): 132, table 42, “share of textiles eploynt” on cha see robert p antoshak, “efficiency and atrophy cha’s spng sector provide opportunities of others,” tton: revieorld situation 66 (noveber–deceber 2012), 14–17

5 national tton uncil of arica, “the enoic outlook for us tton, 2013,” aessed septericulture, foreign agricultural service, “tton: world arkets and trade,” circur series, april 2013; oxfa poverty: the ipact of tton subsidies on africa, 2002,” aessed arch 15 2012, 关于世界棉花种植地区，见 ternational tton adviry ittee, tton: revieorld situation 66 (noveber–deceber 2012), 5; ternational tton adviry ittee, “survey of tton bor st ponents untries” (april 2012), foreword the esti , april 1, 2010 for the neral pots see naoko otobe, “global enoender and eploy paper no 74, 2011, 8; clive jaenic crops: 2001, feature: bt tton,” ternational service for the acisition of agri-biotech applications no 26 (2002), 59 david orden et al, “the ilobal tton and wheat prices on rural poverty pakistan,” pakistan developnt review 45, no 4 (deceber 2006): 602; john baffes, “the ‘tton proble,’” world bank research observer 20, no 1 (april 1, 2005): 109

6 sabra tavernise, “old faracy of salt,” new york tis , june 15, 2008; “istry bs bt tton for farr suicides,” hdtan tis , arch 26, 2012; david l stern, “ tajikistan, debt-ridden farrs say they are the pawns,” new york ti, october 16, 2012, aessed april 2, 2013,

7 aovernance as ntested stitution-buildg: cha, rchants, and ntract rules the tton trade,” politics and ciety 39, no 1 (arch 2011): 3–39

8 neln lichtenste, “the return of -css history 81 (2012): 8–27, 198

9 new york tis , april 1, 1946; ternational tton asciation, history tile, aessed april 15, 2013,

10 john t cu-css le o dtrial cities, 1880–1930 (westport, ct: greenwood press, 1979), 139

11 kang chao, the develope, a: east asian research center, harvard university, 1977), 269

12 ibid, 267; alexander eckste, n trade: iraw-hill, 1966), 56

13 see “cha’s leadg tton producer to reduce tton-grog farnd,” cha view (deceber 25, 2008), aessed septeber 10, 2013, ; national tton uncil of arica, untry statistics, aessed decericulture (new york: norton, 1987), 229ff; charles s the entieth century to history: alternative narratives for the odern era,” arican historical review 105, no 3 (june 1, 2000): 807–831; carol s leonard, agrarian refore university press, 2011), 75

14 see ,” 807–31

15 oxfa poverty: the ipact of tton subsidies on africa, 2002”; new york tit 5, 2003, a18, septeoverned fro around 1 billion to over 4 billion a year john baffes, “tton subsidies, the wto, and the ‘tton probleroup & poverty reduction and eno paper 566 ( brazilians farhts: the ethical globalization itiative, “ and eu tton production and export policies and their irips with ternational huations” (ay 2004), 2, aessed january 20, 2013,

16 see akradation” (presentation, tton sector central asia nference, school of oriental and african studies, london, noveroup, jot letter to secretary clton regardg uzbekistan, washgton, dc, septeber 27, 2011, aessed january 20, 2013, ; ternational crisis group, “the curse of tton: central asia’s destructive onoculture,” asia report no 93, february 28, 2005, aessed january 20, 2013,

17 see david harvey, the opolitics of capitalis (new york: ailn, 1985)

18 see xi j, “where’s the way out for cha’s textile dtry?” tton: revieorld situation 66 (noveber–deceber 2012): 10

19 see eric hobsbawe of extree, 1994); for a siunt see aditya ukherjee, “what huan and cial sciences for the 21st century: ress on “what huan and cial sciences for the 21st century?” at the university of caen, france, on deceber 7, 2012)

20 see environntal far subsidy database, 2013, aessed septeber 25, 2013,

21 on chese hoeholds the 1950s see jab eyferth, “won’s work and the politics of hospun cialist cha, 1949–1980,” ternational review of cial history 57, no 3 (2012): 2 on current hoehold expenditures see united states departnt of bor, bureau of bor statistics, nsur expenditures 2012, released septeber 10, 2013, aessed septe , noveber 13, 2009, 25